1、大学六级模拟 970及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the remark “Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.“ You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on
2、 Answer Sheet 1. （分数：106.50）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：2，分数：104.00)Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：52.00）A.Selling software.B.Repairing computers.C.Selling computers.D.Developing software.A.She is arrogant.B.She is inexperienced.C.She
3、is confident.D.She is offensive.A.She was replaced by another employee.B.She was fired by her last boss.C.She couldn“t find her room for improvement.D.She couldn“t make any progress in her job.A.She met the HR manager of her last company.B.She got a job from last week“s career fair.C.It was an Inter
4、net career fair.D.It was held in the civic center downtown.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：52.00）A.It“s being outdoors.B.She needs to deal with different people.C.It“s sometimes dangerous to drive at night.D.She has to work when the weather is bad.A.Meeting in
5、teresting people in the city.B.Being able to enjoy being outdoors.C.Driving in unsettled weather.D.Taking long drives outside the city.A.Rather difficult to please.B.Rude to women drivers.C.Talkative and generous with tips.D.Different in personality.A.She complains a lot.B.She plans to quit her job.
6、C.She is often criticized by her customers.D.She is very familiar with the city.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：73.50)Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：31.50）A.Immediately.B.The following week.C.In two weeks.D.At the end of the semester.A.With a thesis statement.B.With a list
7、of references.C.With a summary of the conference.D.With a conclusion of the paper.A.Finish a textbook assignment.B.Review for the final examination.C.Choose proper research topics.D.Prepare an outline for a paper.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：42.00）A.Less than
8、68%.B.About 58%.C.Over 70%.D.Around 45%.A.Whether it is necessary to put labels on prepared foods.B.What ingredient should a nutrition label list.C.How to get consumers to read labels more carefully.D.What food information should be provided to consumers.A.Doubtful.B.Supportive.C.Opposing.D.Neutral.
9、A.More detailed labeling.B.Simple Labeling.C.Precise labeling.D.Basic labeling.五、Section C(总题数：3，分数：71.00)Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.He did not pass A level.B.He was hurt in a road accident.C.He was lost in his vacation abroad.D.He kept hitting him
10、self on the head.A.Which college he will be enrolled in.B.The exam results are gloomy.C.He can“t study maths any more.D.His dream can never come true.A.Taking good care of our children to make them feel happy.B.Finding colorful extracurricular activities for our children.C.Educating our children exa
11、m grades don t mean all to them.D.Training our children to control all the things happening in life.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.He closes his design studio for a whole year.B.He goes to New York for a sight-seeing tour.C.He writes a new song for a f
12、amous musician.D.He opens a new chain studio in a different city.A.It“s better to make full use of them to enjoy ourselves.B.It“s abnormal to use them to tender our grandchildren.C.It“s helpful to use some of them beforehand in working years.D.It“s wise to use them on re-employment to earn more mone
13、y.A.A simple concept of investing in business.B.A simple concept of enjoying life.C.A complex concept with 3 meanings.D.A complex concept with 4 meanings.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.A lady with a very slim figure.B.A sports player without legs.C.A p
14、layer competing in a running race.D.A lady holding a one-year old baby.A.She watched a horse race there.B.She took part in a softball match there.C.She competed in a track meet there.D.She went there for a sports award.A.They are perfect for a long-distance runner.B.They are made of a wood and plast
15、ic compound.C.They are suitable for all kinds of beautiful socks.D.They are badly in need of a plastic surgery.A.Receive an operation to cure her heart attack.B.Compete with those big potatoes in sports field.C.Jump over a new height of 5 feet and 11 inches.D.Make an attempt to run her first race in
16、 Boston.六、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)七、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.50)New research finds that nearly 5200 kids are treated in an emergency department each year after falling from a window. That“s 14 kids a day, according to a study published Monday. Typical hospital admission 1 for childhood injurie
17、s stand at 5%, but 25% of window-related injuries end up requiring care in the hospital, for pretty obvious reasons: a fall from a window can be 2 . New York City landlords are required to 3 the guards, which resemble horizontal jail bars and cover the bottom half of a window to forma barrier that p
18、revents kids from 4 out. Programs like Children Can“t Fly in New York and Kids Can“t Fly in Boston, which have raised public 5 about the need for window guards, especially in high-rise buildings, have helped contribute to dramatic 6 in the number of children falling out of windows in those cities. P
19、arents can also use window stops to 7 children. Stops are screwed into the window frame and block the window from sliding too far upward. Parents should further limit children“s 8 to windows by moving dressers, beds and tables away from the openings; many kids fell through a window they accessed by
20、climbing onto furniture. It“s also important to be 9 watchful when the weather is warm since that“s when windows tend to be open. And don“t make the mistake of thinking that a window screen 10 any protection. It found that screens did not prevent falls. A. access B. account C. anxiety D. awareness E
21、. crawling F. deadly G. entirely H. injurious I. install J. offers K. particularly L. protect M. rates N. reductions O. slipping（分数：35.50）八、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Why Depression Needs a New Definition?A. Many psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treating depressionlinking in
22、dividual symptoms to their underlying mechanisms-is needed for research to move forward. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia (忧郁症), an early understanding of depression, as a state of fears and losing courage, if they last a long time.“ It was caused, he believed, by an excess of bile
23、(胆汁) in the body (the word “melancholia“ is ancient Greek for “black bile“). B. Ever since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isn“t well understood. In the 1920s, the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider argued that depression could
24、be divided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called “inner depression“, and depression resulting from reactions to outside events, or “reactive depression“. His theory was challenged in 1926, when the B
25、ritish psychologist Edward Mapother argued in the British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depression patients were just differences in the severity of the condition. C. Today, Schneider“s subtypes have largely
26、 fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, the American psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that depression is the inability to construct a future, while the cognitive psychologist Albert Ellis argued in 1987 that depressi
27、on, unlike “appropriate sadness“, stemmed from “irrational beliefs“ that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks. D. In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association tried to standardize the definitions of mental illnesses, including depression, by creating a taxonomy (分类法) of menta
28、l illnesses. In the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual , depression was listed under the broad category of “disorders without clearly defined physical cause“. The DSM- , published in 1980, was the APA“s first attempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing the
29、ir symptoms; the new edition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eight symptoms of depression, included “poor appetite or significant weight loss“ and “complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate“. If an adult met four of the
30、 eight symptoms, the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM- , published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. The diagnostic criteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom: “Depressed mo
31、od most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful).“ E. Some scientists believe that the DSM- definition is still too vague. As the psychiatrist Daniel Goldberg noted in the journal World Psy
32、chiatry in 2011, many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. “A patient who has psychomotor retardation, hypersomnia (, and gaining weight) is scored as having identical symptoms as another who
33、is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss,“ Goldberg wrote. F. Many recent studies have verified Goldberg“s concerns. In 2000, for example, a group of researchers at Johns Hopkins University attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients. Howeve
34、r, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition (mild to severe). “Depression is of different kind,“ they concluded, adding that “the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the pattern of sympto
35、ms.“ And in 2010, researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM- definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with “widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity (共病), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characte
36、ristics.“ The results, they argued, “challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity.“ G. Part of the problem, said Scott Monroe, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome rather than a dise
37、ase. While a disease is a specific condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently appear together, but without a single known cause. In a paper published in June in the journal Current Directio
38、ns in Psychological Science , Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision. “It is in this vague and imprecise realm that problems can arise,“ he wrote, “and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to be clear oversights.“
39、H. Part of the reason that scientists are still working in the “vague and imprecise realm“, as Monroe put it, is because they still don“t have a clear answer for what causes depression. In the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically fro
40、m lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin (血清素). As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors“ (SSRIs), drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressantdespit
41、e the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010, a review of three decades“ worth of studies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness “may be mini
42、mal or nonexistent“ in those with mild or moderate depression. I. Bruce Cuthbert, the director of adult translational (平动) research and treatment development at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused their attention on
43、 finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesn“t exist. “When you do a clinical trial, you“re getting a bunch of people who are “depressed“, but they“re actually very different,“ he said. “It“s like comparing apples, pears, and oranges. You“re not going to see a significant effect. You“re not goi
44、ng to be able to say, “This treatment works for fruits.“ Trying to create a singular treatment for depression, Cuthbert said, is like trying to create one for cancer: too unspecific to actually be helpful. “Our current diagnostic system is miming out of steam for research. “While DSM has been descri
45、bed as a “Bible“ for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a set of labels and defining each,“ the NIMH director Tom Insel wrote in 2013. J. In 2010, Insel invited Cuthbert, who was then working as a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, to help the NIMH develop a new fram
46、ework for defining mental illness. The result, unveiled in 2013, was the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a system created to flip the way researchers think about mental disorders. Unlike the DSM, RDoC isn“t organized by disorder; instead, it“s organized around specific symptoms, like fear, anhedoni
47、a (the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwillingness to work. The system also lists the genes, neural circuits, physical response, and self-reported behavior associated with each symptom. K. The theory behind this RDoC system is that treating a specific symptom will produce better re
48、sults than treating a broad category of illness. Many depression patients exhibit anhedonia, for example, but many others don“t. But if researchers took a group of patients who all displayed anhedonia, regardless of their diagnosis (if it is also a common symptom of schizophrenia) and tested treatme
49、nts for that very specific symptom, they would get better results for treating anhedonia. L. The current definition of depression, Cuthbert explains, has largely stemmed from scientists observing patients and then developing lists of symptoms based on what they saw. “The belief was that if you described the disorder well enough, you would be able to define it,“ he said. But it“s becoming increasingly clear, he said, that by relying on describing the disorder, scientists are only skimming the
