1、大学四级-43 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.当前社会竞争日益激烈，就业形式严峻2. 体现竞争优势方面有哪些3. 大学生在校期间应做哪些准备What Should We Do at University to Prepare for Job-hunting?_（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickl
2、y and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Causes of ConflictThe evidence taken from the observation of the behavior
3、of apes and children suggests that there are three clearly separable groups of simple causes for the outbreak of fighting and the exhibition of aggressiveness by individuals.One of the most common causes of fighting among both children and apes was over the possession of external objects. The disput
4、ed ownership of any desired object-food, clothes, toys, females, and the affection of others-was sufficient ground for an appeal to force. On Monkey Hill disputes over females were responsible for the death of thirty out of thirty-three females. Two points are of particular interest to notice about
5、these fights for possession.In the first place they are often carried to such an extreme that they end in the complete destruction of the objects of common desire. So overriding is the aggression once it has begun that it not only overflows all reasonable boundaries of selfishness but utterly destro
6、ys the object for which the struggle began and even the self for whose advantage the struggle was undertaken.In the second place it is observable, at least in children, that the object for whose possession aggression is started may sometimes be desired by one person merely because it is desired by s
7、omeone else. There were many cases observed by Dr. Isaacs where toys and other objects which bad been discarded as useless were violently defended by their owners when they became the object of some other childs desire. The grounds of possessiveness may, therefore, be irrational in the sense that th
8、ey are derived from inconsistent judgments of value. Whether sensible or irrational, contests over possession are commonly the occasion for the most ruthless (残忍的) use of force among children and apes.One of the commonest kinds of object arousing possessive desire is the notice, good will, affection
9、 and service of other members of the group. Among children one of the commonest causes of quarreling was“jealousy“-the desire for the exclusive possession of the interest and affection of someone else, particularly the adults in charge of the children. This form of behavior is sometimes classified
10、as a separate cause of conflict under the name of “rivalry“ or a “jealousy“. But, in point of fact, it seems to us that it is only one variety of possessiveness. The object of desire is not a material object-that is the only difference. The object is the interest and affection of other persons. What
11、 is wanted, however, is the exclusive right to that interest and affection-a property in emotions instead of in things. As subjective emotions and as causes of conflict, jealousy and rivalry are fundamentally similar to the desire for the uninterrupted possession of toys or food. Indeed, very often
12、the persons, property which is desired, are the sources of toys and food.Possessiveness is, then, in all its forms a common cause of fighting. If we are to look behind the mere facts of behavior for an explanation of this phenomenon, a teleological (目的论的) cause is not far to seek. The exclusive righ
13、t to objects of desire is a clear and simple advantage to the possessor of it. It carries with it the certainty and continuity of satisfaction. Where there is only one claimant to a good, frustration and the possibility of loss is reduced to a minimum. It is, therefore, obvious that, if the ends of
14、the self are the only recognized ends, the whole powers of the agent, including the fullest use of his available force, will be used to establish and defend exclusive rights to possession.Another cause of aggression closely allied to possessiveness is the tendency for children and apes greatly to re
15、sent the intrusion of a stranger into their group. A new child in the class may be laughed at, isolated, and disliked and even set upon and pinched and bullied. A new monkey may be poked and bitten to death. It is interesting to note that it is only strangeness within a similarity of species that is
16、 resented. Monkeys do not mind being joined by a goat or a rat. Children do not object when animals are introduced to the group. Indeed, such novelties are often welcomed. But when monkeys meet a new monkey or children a strange child, aggression often occurs. This suggests strongly that the reason
17、for the aggression is fundamentally possessiveness. The competition of the newcomers is feared. The present members of the group feel that there will be more rivals for the food or the attention of the adults.Finally, another common source of fighting among children is a failure or frustration in th
18、eir own activity. A child will be prevented either by natural causes such as bad weather or illness or by the opposition of some adult from doing something he wishes to do at a given moment-sail his boat or ride the bicycle. The child may also frustrate himself by failing, through lack of skill or s
19、trength, to complete successfully some desired activity. Such a child will then in the ordinary sense become “naughty“. He will be in a bad temper. And, what is of interest from our point of view, the child will indulge in aggression-attacking and fighting other children or adults. Sometimes the obj
20、ect of aggression will simply be the cause of frustration, a straightforward reaction. The child will kick or hit the nurse who forbids the sailing of his boat. But sometimes-indeed, frequently-the person or thing that suffers the aggression is quite irrelevant and innocent of offense. The angry chi
21、ld will stamp the ground or box the ears of another child when neither the ground nor the child attacked is even remotely connected with the irritation or frustration.Of course, this kind of behavior is so common that everyone feels it to be obvious and to constitute no serious scientific problem. T
22、hat a small boy should pull his sisters hair because it is raining does not appear to the ordinary unreflecting person to be an occasion for solemn scientific inquiry. He is, as we should all say, “in a bad temper“. Yet it is not, in fact, really obvious either why revenge should be taken on entirel
23、y innocent objects, since no good to the aggressor can come of it, or why children being miserable should seek to make others miserable also. It is just a fact of human behavior that cannot really be deduced from any general principle of reason. But it is, as we shall see, of very great importance f
24、or our purpose. It shows how it is possible, at the simplest and most primitive level, for aggression and fighting to spring from an entirely irrelevant and partially hidden cause. Fighting to possess a desired object is straightforward and rational, however disastrousits consequences, compared with
25、 fighting that occurs because, in a different and unrelated activity, some frustration has barred the road to pleasure. The importance of this possibility for an understanding of group conflict must already be obvious.（分数：70.00）(1).The disputed ownership of any external object can be regarded as _.
26、A. the exhibition of aggressiveness by individuals B. an ordinary cause of fighting among individuals C. a common behavior of apes D. a rational boundary of selfishness（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The observations made by Dr. Isaacs indicate that _. A. once possession aggression is started, it may become ru
27、thless B. the grounds of possessiveness may be irrational C. children may become more aggressive than adults D. children may violently defend their objects（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Children and apes use force to _. A. arouse possessive desire B. tear toys to pieces C. settle contests over possession D. m
28、ake consistent judgments of value（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, the childrens behavior caused by jealousy and rivalry is actually _. A. the commonest cause of quarreling among children B. the desire for the interrupted possession of toys or food C. a separate cause of conflict D. a v
29、ariety of possessiveness（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).When a strange child intrudes a group of children, what will happen? A. They do not mind. B. They warmly welcome him or her. C. He or she may be poked and bitten to death. D. He or she may be perceived as a rival.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).A child will indulge
30、in aggression when _. A. he or she suffers from failure or frustration B. he or she is kicked or hit by the nurse C. he or she is in a bad temper D. he or she is forbidden to play outside（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The last paragraph mainly tells us that _. A. aggression and fighting may spring from an ent
31、irely irrelevant and partially hidden cause B. revenge should not be taken on innocent objects C. miserable children seek to make others miserable, too D. group conflicts have obvious purposes（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Aggression once started, not only overflows all reasonable boundaries of _ but destroys
32、 the object for which the struggle began.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).The exclusive right to objects of desire is accompanied by the _ of satisfaction.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Fighting occurs because frustration has _ to pleasure.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BSection A/B(总题数：4，分数：105.00)Direc
33、tions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the paus
34、e, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.（分数：35.00）(1). A. She has to change the time for the trip. B. She hasnt decided where to go next month. C. Shes
35、too busy to afford the time for the trip. D. She will manage to leave this month.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. At home. B. At school. C. At a hotel. D. At an airport.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. The woman blames the man for his absence. B. The woman thinks that everything was all right. C. The woman thanks t
36、he man for his efforts. D. The woman doesnt think it was the mans fault.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. They are talking about the date. B. The woman advertised before Wednesday. C. The man is reading Wednesdays newspaper. D. The man needs the job.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. He will not practice his violin. B
37、 He will soundproof his room. C. He will practice in the music building. D. He will find a new roommate.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：21.00）(1). A. The man enjoys traveling by car. B. The man lives far from the subway. C. The man is good at driving. D. The man used to own a car.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. It i
38、s close to the commercial center of a city. B. Mr. Smith will pull it down and build a new building there. C. Mr. Smith will sell it to a person living near the city center. D. It will be rented to a person selling fruits.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. The man should bring his girlfriend to the birthday p
39、arty. B. The birthday party is going to be very crowded. C. Shes sorry the man cant come to the birthday party. D. Her cousin is going to the birthday party.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）(1). A. Interrupting among friends. B. Languag
40、e and behavior. C. Adjusting behavior to different situations. D. A bridge of communication.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Peoples behaviors influence their language use. B. Language determines behavior. C. Interrupting among friends is tolerant. D. People adapt their language to different contexts.（分数：7.
41、00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Every Monday afternoon. B. Every Tuesday afternoon. C. Every Thursday evening. D. Every Friday morning.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. Go to make an arrangement with the course tutor. B. Go to meet the course tutor to check possible topics. C. Go to the library to find topics which have
42、been discussed. D. Go to check email sent by the professor.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. He got a high fever. B. He got a bad cold. C. He got a headache. D. He got fracture.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. He can not write the letter
43、s without Bobs help. B. He can not deal with the documents without Bobs help. C. He can not receive the guests without Bobs help. D. He can not finish the monthly report without Bohs help.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. She will go to the chemists. B. She will type the letters for Henry. C. She will go to
44、the supermarket for Bob. D. She will meet Jennie.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a questio
45、n, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. Lip-locking of couples into a
46、sweet marriage in marriage ceremonies. B. Lovers kiss each other in courtship in France. C. Mothers kissed their children in primitive society. D. Sealing kisses in France figure dancing in the sixth century.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. It was Russia that made the custom of kissing go to the whole world
47、 B. Early Africans kissed each other on the mouth or eyes to greet one another. C. One Roman emperor allowed important nobles to kiss his nose. D. Russian nobility followed the custom of kissing from the French.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. To show respect to one another. B. To show affection for one an
48、other. C. To express love to one another. D. To lip-lock couples into sweet marriage.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. From his farming work. B. From the area of New England. C. From his poet friends. D. From Edward Thomas.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.
