1、大学四级-1217 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1. Building the Civilized Campus1大学校园里仍存在一些不文明现象(课桌文化、逃课、偷盗自行车等)2分析问题存在的原因3提出解决建议（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Food Poisoning - and How to Prevent ItChanging lifestyles in the modem world have resulted in an increa
2、sed demand for ready-to-cat foods, fast foods and dining out. This change in demand has, in mm, brought with it new and increased problems. One of these is the risk of bacterial food poisoning.How does food poisoning occur? Usually, it takes large numbers of food poisoning bacteria to be present in
3、food in order to cause illness. However, given the right conditions, bacteria can multiply very rapidly. These conditions include:Time - In ideal conditions, one bacterium can multiply to 2,097,152 within seven hours.Temperature - Food poisoning bacteria grow best in the temperature range of 5 - 60.
4、This is called the temperature danger zone. Food should not be left in the temperature danger zone.Nutrients - Bacteria need their own food source to grow and multiply. The types of foods which bacteria prefer include dairy products, egg products, meat and poultry, small goods, not including salami
5、(意大利腊肠), processed meat and chicken products, fish, shellfish and fish products.Because bacteria multiply rapidly in these foods, they are known as high risk foods. High risk foods which have been contaminated (污染) with food poisoning bacteria and then left in the temperature danger zone can cause f
6、ood poisoning to anyone who consumes them.Water - Without moisture, the growth of bacteria slows down and may stop. Drying is an effective form of food preserving.How does food become contaminated? Food is contaminated through poor handling and storage and through lack of personal hygiene (卫生学) by t
7、he people who prepare and serve it. Food poisoning bacteria are very widespread. They can be found in the soil, on animals and on people. Because of this, it is possible for foods such as raw meat, poultry and vegetables to contain these bacteria from the start. A common way that food can become con
8、tamination, is through cross contamination. This can occur in two ways: During food preparation, hands, utensils (器具) and equipment such as cutting boards can become contaminated with bacteria from raw food. If these utensils, equipment and hands are then used to prepare ready-to-eat or cooked food,
9、 without first being thoroughly washed, then this food can become contaminated with bacteria from the raw food. As this food is not cooked again before being consumed, the bacteria in it will not be killed by cooking.During storage, bacteria from raw food can contaminate ready- to- eat or cooked foo
10、d if the later are not stored separately. If they are stored in the same refrigerator, raw food should always be stored in the lowest part of the refrigerator and ready-to-eat or cooked food on the shelves above. This prevents liquids from the raw food dripping on to the cooked food. Store food in c
11、lean non- toxic washable containers or cover with foil or plastic film.How can food poisoning be prevented? Food poisoning can be prevented by:(1) Preventing food from becoming contaminated.(2) Preventing the bacteria in the food growing and multiplying.We can think of food poisoning as being a chai
12、n of circumstances:There must be bacteria on the food.The bacteria have the right conditions to grow-warmth ( between 5 and 60) , moisture and food.The bacteria have time to grow and multiply.If this chain of events can be broken, food poisoning can be prevented.Some of the ways of breaking this cha
13、in are:Making sure your hands are dean before handing food.Thoroughly washing all equipment used for preparing raw foods.Storing raw foods below cooked foods in the refrigerator.Storing food correctly - not in the Temperature Danger Zone.Making sure food is served as soon as possible after preparati
14、on.Some Common Food Poisoning BacteriaSalmonella (沙门氏菌)Commonly found in: meat, poultry, eggs and egg products.Symptoms: nausea (恶心), stomach cramps, diarrhea (痢疾), fever and headache.Onset(发作): 6 - 72 hours after consuming contaminated food. Symptoms can last from 3-5 days.Bacillus (杆状菌)Commonly fo
15、und in: Cereals, rice, meat products, packet soups.Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.Onset: 1-6 hours after consuming the contaminated food. Symptoms usually last no longer than 24 hours.Note: These bacteria produce spores which are not killed during cooking. When cooked food c
16、ontaining these spores, has been left in the temperature danger zone, the spores produce toxins (poisons) in the food which can cause food poisoning.Staphylococcus aureusCommonly found in: Meat and poultry dishes, egg products mayonnaise-based salads, cream or custard filled desserts.Symptoms: acute
17、 vomiting, nausea, occasionally diarrhea and cramps.Onset: 30 minutes - 8 hours after consuming the contaminated food. Symptoms usually last about 24 hours.Note: These bacteria produce toxins in food. The toxin is not destroyed during cooking so correct storage of food before and after cooking is es
18、sential. These bacteria are commonly found on the skin and in the nose and mouths of healthy people.Therefore, it is important that you maintain high standards of personal hygiene (卫生学) when working with food. People with open cuts or wounds on their hands and arms must ensure that the injury is com
19、pletely protected by a waterproof bandage. Other common food poisoning bacteria include:Clostridium perfringens.Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Listeria monocytogenes.（分数：70.00）(1).Nowadays, peoples lifestyles are changing, which has resulted in the demand for fast foods.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).In fact, one bac
20、terium can grow very quickly even just within seven hours.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Usually one bacterium is sufficient to cause illness.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Fruit that is not fresh can also cause food poisoning.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Samonellas onset may take 6 to 72 hours to happen and the symptoms may last
21、 longer than 24 hours.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Only if cooked food and raw food are stored in the same refrigerator, the former would be contaminated.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).If the food with bacteria are cooked under 75, food poisoning can be prevented.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Time, temperature, nutrients and wat
22、er are the four conditions bacteria need in order to _ rapidly.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9)._ is a very common way that makes the food become contaminated with bacteria.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).The poison produced by bacteria is not destroyed during cooking, so correct _ before and after cooking is essential.（分数
23、：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.The man and woman study the same course.B.Jim lives nearer to the university than the man.C.The man lives nearer to the university than Jim.D.T
24、he man and woman live together.A.The bank.B.The car park.C.The lake.D.The office.A.112.B.117.C.132.D.123.A.A long time, its a quiet area.B.Not long, its a busy area.C.5 minutes.D.30 minutes or so.A.She thinks she has broken her arm.B.She has an upset stomach.C.She thinks she has broken her leg.D.She
25、 has a bad cold.A.Because she has nothing else to do that evening.B.Because she likes the man.C.Because she has once read a book written by the man.D.Because she is interested in the topic of the lecture.A.A restaurant.B.A bar.C.A library.D.A classroom.A.The menu.B.The bill.C.The wine list.D.The spe
26、cial food of the day.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Yes, a very nice man.B.No, nobody likes him.C.Hes OK.D.She doesnt have a boss.A.Shes a waitress.B.Shes an engineer.C.Shes a computer programmer.D.Shes a computer technician.A.No, its not famous.B.Ye
27、s, its very famous.C.No, he doesnt like cartoons.D.Yes, he works there too.A.Have a chat with her boss.B.Quit her job.C.Come to work in his company.D.Talk to her co-workers.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Eating all of the food.B.Using the right knive
28、s, forks and glasses.C.Going to the toilet.D.Drinking too much wine.A.Drink wine.B.Eat vegetarian food.C.Make noise when you eat.D.Never talk with your mouth full.A.On the table.B.On your elbow.C.Under the table.D.On your lap.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the
29、passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.It has dropped in numbers.B.It has tripled.C.It has doubled.D.It has become mostly Hispanic.A.Afro-Americans.B.Juvenile offenders.C.Caucasians.D.Hispanics.A.Native Americans.B.Petty thieves.C.Afro-Americans.D.Murderers.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based o
30、n the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Fourth.B.Fifth.C.Tenth.D.Twelfth.A.They do nothing but watch the process.B.They talk about the whole thing all the time.C.They follow the first guy jumping out the window and land safely.D.They jump out the window and get killed.A.Because he is a superma
31、n.B.Because he catches the updraft of a air vent near the ground.C.Because he is protected by God.D.Because he is drunk.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Wall Street Journal.B.National Enquirer.C.USA Today.D.Time.A.Going to the moon.B.The atomic
32、 bomb.C.AIDS.D.Watergate.A.North and south.B.East and west.C.South and west.D.North and east.A.Everyone agrees.B.No one.C.Some people agree, while some people disagree.D.Most people disagree.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)The continental United States will face more extreme temperatures during the next
33、century and worse rainfall along its Gulf Coast which has been ravaged by hurricanes this year, according to a climate study. The study warned that (36) gases will likely swell to twice their (37) levels by the centurys end.“Imagine the weather during the hottest two weeks of the year,“ lead (38) No
34、ah Diffenbaugh said, referring to northeast United States. “The area could experience temperatures in that range (39) for periods of up to two months by centurys end,“ he said.Researchers claimed the study, run on supercomputers, is the most comprehensive (40) model to date. It (41) the southwest Un
35、ited States could endure a 500 percent increase in hot events, leaving less water for the growing population, that the Gulf Coast region would (42) more rainfall in a shorter time span and that summers in the northeast would be shorter and hotter. Overall, the United States would experience a warmin
36、g (43) , the study predicts. “The changes our model predicts are large enough to substantially disrupt our economy and infrastructure,“ said Diffenbaugh. (44) .The model considered circumstances not fully included in previous models, such as snow which reflects energy from the sun back into space, a
37、nd mountain peaks, which can stand in the way of traveling weather fronts. (45) .“The model performed admirably,“ Diffenbaugh said. (46) .（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)There is much
38、 discussion about whether economic growth is desirable. At an earlier period, our desire for material wealth may have been (47) Now, however, this desire for more than we need is causing serious problems. Even though we have good (48) , we may be producing too much, too fast.Those who (49) economic
39、growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the (50) supply of natural resources, the possible (51) effects of industry on the natural environment, and the continuing increase in the worlds population. As society reaches these
40、 limits, economic growth can no longer continue, and the quality of life will (52) .People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people in the world. These (53) of economic growth believe that only more growth can creat
41、e the capital needed to improve the quality of life in the world. Furthermore, they argue that only continued growth can provide the (54) resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.This debate over the desirability of continued economic growth is of (55) importance
42、 to business and industry. If those who argue against economic growth are correct, the problems they mention cannot be (56) To find a solution, economists and the business community must pay attention to these problems and continue discussion them with one another. A) exclusiveI) negative B) propone
43、ntsJ) decrease C) criticize K) required D) improved L) suppliers E) financial M) justified F) challenge N) ignored G) intentions O) vital H) fixed（分数：90.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：44.50)There are people wh
44、o are especially attracted to the notion of “climbing the ladder“ so as to increase their status, financial position, and sense of self-worth. In part, as a result of the work ethic, these people are internally “driven“ to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observed that Americans spend a
45、n inordinate (过度的) amount of time working and, as a consequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships. In American English a new word “workaholic“ has been created to describe an individual who is as addicted to work as an alcoholic (酒鬼) is to liquor.There are conflicting
46、 points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problems of mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and mentally. Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they are extremely productive. The Americans culture values achievement, efficiency, an
47、d production - a workaholic supports these values.Despite the presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the United States that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Many people have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job is so important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary. Consequently there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being given to personal relationships and non-work activities.Increased
