1、大学四级-1526 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Current situations in the universities on compulsory courses and optional courses.2. Reasons of having more optional courses.3. Your answer to the question.（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Can Business Be Cool?Why a
2、 growing number of firms are taking global warming seriously. Companies supporting environment protectionRupert Murdoch is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executives of Mr Murdochs News Corporation-which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media
3、 conglomerates attitude to the Internet-will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climate-change movie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellitetelevision company chaired by Mr. Murdoch and run by his son, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral“, hav
4、ing taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carbon into the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that it was carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman
5、 Sachs, an investment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last year General Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination“ strategy, aiming to cut its output of greenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (i.e., carbo
6、n-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced a series of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade. Tesco and Sainsbury, two Of Britains biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7th some leading Brit
7、ish bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involves harsher regulation.The other sideThe greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motors helped pay for television advertisements aired recently in A
8、merica by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with the daft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life“. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firms are engaged in superficial “greenwash to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, the most prom
9、inent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum“ ad campaign, high-profile investments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator“ on its websites helps consumers measure their personal “carbon footprint“, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP
10、s recent record profits are largely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latest attempt at “regulatory capture“, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of th
11、e Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, because it was good for its business“.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisan political issues, such as Dar
12、fur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporate converts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, but because climate change creates real business risks and opportunitiesfrom regulatory compliance to insur
13、ing clients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can be sure of remaining unaffected. The climate of opinionThe most obvious risk is of rising energy costs. Indeed, the recent high price of oil and natural gas, allied to fears over the secu
14、rity of energy supplies from the Middle East and Russianeither of which have anything to de with climate changemay be the main reason why many firms have recently become interested in alternative energy sources. But at the same time, a growing number of bosseswhatever their personal views about the
15、scientific evidence of climate changenow think that the public has become convinced that global warming is for real. Hurricane Katrina was particularly important in changing opinion in America. Many businessmen have concluded that this new public mood will result, sooner or later, in government acti
16、on to control carbon emissionsmost likely, using some sort of carbon tax or Kyoto-like system of tradable caps on firms carbon emissions.A carbon-trading system is already in place in the European Union. But even in America, some influential businesses are exerting pressure on the government to cont
17、rol carbon emissions. One motive is to help firms facing decisions that will depend for their long-term profitability on what carbon regime, if any, is in place. “Some asset-intensive industries are making investments now that have a 30-to-50-year horizon,“ says Travis Engen, who recently stepped do
18、wn as boss of Alcan, a big aluminium firm. “As CEO, I wanted to make damn sure my investments were good for the future, not just today“which, for him, meant evaluating investments assuming that his firm would soon have to pay to emit carbon.Indeed, some expect President Bush to start thinking more a
19、bout climate change after Novembers mid-term elections, especially now that he has appointed a keen environmentalist as treasury secretary Hank Paulson, who as boss of Goldman Sachs was the force behind the investment banks greener stance. “American businesses are starting to realise that something
20、is going to happen on carbon,“ says Jim Rogers, chief executive of Duke Energy, one of the countrys biggest power producers, who reckons legislation is quite likely to pass in Congress by 2009.Companies moveAs firms try to do something about climate change, the typical first step is to improve their
21、 energy efficiency, by both reducing consumption and also shifting the mix of sources from hydrocarbons towards cleaner alternatives. Given high oil prices, those that have already done so have found energy efficiency to be surprisingly good for profits.“Carbon Down, Profits Up“, a report by the Cli
22、mate Group, an organisation founded in 2004 by various firms and governments, listed 74 companies from 18 industries in 11 countries that are committed to cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. So far, this has brought them combined savings of $11.6 billion, claims the report. Four firms- Bayer, British
23、Telecom, DuPont and Norske Canadaaccount for $4 billion of this between them.Many companies, including BP, also see the chance to make money from providing things that help reduce global warmingfrom clean coal-fired power-stations, to wind farms, to mortgages with better rates for homes that are car
24、bon-neutral. GE plans to double its revenues from 17 clean-technology businesses to $20 billion by 2010. HSBCs decision to become carbon-neutral is part of a plan to develop a carbon-finance business, both for retail consumers and corporate clients. “We believe it is a major business opportunity for
25、 us, not a hobby or corporate social responsibility,“ says Francis Sullivan of HSBC. And even as car firms lobby against regulating carbon, they are investing heavily in cleaner hybrid cars,Going carbon-neutralin which a firm cuts its carbon output as much as possible and then offsets any left over
26、by paying to reduce emissions elsewhereis particularly attractive to firms that sell directly to the public and reckon that their customers want them to take climate change seriously. Since these sorts of firms are often not great carbon-emitters in the first place, “carbon neutrality“ can be fairly
27、 painless.A recent study by the Carbon Trust, a British quango, reckoned that, for industries such as airlines, up to 50% of brand value may be at risk if firms fail to take action on climate change.（分数：70.00）(1).This passage is mainly about the impact of environmental issues on activities of indivi
28、dual companies.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).More and more companies are joining in the support of limiting carbon dioxide emission because they are increasingly concerned about the harmful effect on environment and climate change.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).City Bank also announced its determination to be carbon-neu
29、tral just after HSBC made its move.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Although an increasing number of companies began to support limitation on emission, there are still some companies that do the opposite.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).There are some companies, such as BP, which are engaged in superficial activities in orde
30、r to boost their good images.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).It is believed by some companies that alternative energy sources are significant especially when the recent price of oil and natural gas rose.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).The author mentioned the disaster of Hurricane Katrina because he wanted to demonstrate t
31、he harmful effects of unlimited emission of carbon dioxide.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).In America, some influential businesses are exerting pressure on the government to control carbon emissions because their_depends on what carbon regime is in place.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Generally speaking, as firms try to d
32、o something about climate change, their typical first step is to improve their_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).A recent study by the Carbon Trust indicated that industries such as airlines, if they_.half of its brand value may be at risk.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：
33、105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.35.B.36.C.34.D.40.A.Uncle and niece.B.Aunt and nephew.C.Cousins.D.Father and daughter.A.She had an accident.B.She wants to go to a foreign country to learn its language.C.Andrew is a native speaker of English.D.A
34、ndrew speaks English quite well.A.To help her solve the problem.B.To make an arrangement.C.To deal with the hardest problem first.D.To handle the most important problem first.A.She has not enjoyed a good film for long.B.She seems reluctant to see the film.C.She believes the film if not worth seeing.
35、D.She has seen Titanic.A.She doesnt like playing cards.B.She has something else to do this evening.C.She doesnt feel like playing cards this evening.D.She is in a bad mood.A.She thinks it is unacceptable that the man have damaged her plastic flowers.B.She wants to get rid of these flowers sooner.C.S
36、he means to offer a polite reply to the mans apology.D.She doesnt mind it at all.A.They are talking over the meal.B.The man is English, but the woman is not.C.The man isnt English but the woman is.D.They are talking about British peoples behavior at breakfast.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conv
37、ersation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.How to learn well in college.B.How to find a roommate.C.Their major and college funding.D.How to find funding for college.A.He wants to work in a travel agency in another city.B.He has no idea.C.He wants to find a job in IT industry.D.He wants to work in a tr
38、avel agency in this area.A.Physics.B.Computer science.C.Tourism.D.Mechanical engineering.A.Teaching assistantship.B.Students loan from a bank.C.A part-time job as a tour guide.D.Four-year scholarship.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Dyes the plastic fo
39、r colored products.B.Makes bowls and cups and things.C.Produces shampoo bottles, car handles, and so on.D.Manufactures plastic things.A.50 minutes.B.60 minutes.C.10 minutes.D.15 minutes.A.Their lives and friends.B.Marketing strategy and production.C.Meetings and suppliers.D.Production and customers.
40、五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.150 healthy people.B.150 unhealthy people.C.300 patients.D.300 people.A.Humorous individuals.B.People who had undergone treatment for blocked arteries.C.People who did not laugh much.D.P
41、eople who had a strong sense of humor.A.To express your anger rather than bottle it up inside you.B.To make yourself laugh.C.To offset the harmful effect of stress in your arteries.D.To hide your feelings.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Work.B.F
42、ood.C.Social status.D.Age.A.Old people.B.Teenagers.C.Infants.D.Adults.A.Their food is less nutrient.B.They do not have enough money to go to hospital.C.They live in narrow space where colds infection rate is higher.D.They have to work very hard.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passag
43、e you have just heard,（分数：28.00）A.Die.B.Become such people as George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison.C.Become very successful.D.Find it extremely difficult to get a job.A.A college diploma will help one to get a successful career more easily.B.After college education, one should not pursue furthe
44、r education.C.After college education, one must have an MBA from a first-rate university.D.After college education, the more one gets education, the less he will earn after graduation.A.Physics or chemistry.B.English or history.C.Anthropology or political science.D.Language or philosophy.A.High scho
45、ol teachers.B.Taxi drivers.C.Waiters.D.Fruit sellers,六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Yesterday we discussed the problem of rising prices. In other words, or in the (36) terms, it is regarded as inflation. We noted that, during the (37) of inflation, all prices and incomes do not rise at the same rate. So
46、me incomes rise more slowly than the cost of living, and a few do not rise at all. Other incomes, (38) , rise more (39) than the cost of living.We concluded that persons with fixed incomes, as for example, the (40) who depend upon pensions, a person with slow-rising incomes as, for example, an (41)
47、with a salary agreed to in a long-term (42) will be most seriously affected by inflation. Please (43) that while their dollar incomes stay the same, the cost of goods and services rises, and in effect, real income decreases; that is (44) .We also talked about the fact that (45) , since high prices w
48、ould increase sales and profits would likely rise faster then the cost of living.And now, before we begin todays lecture, (46) ?（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical (47) in the
