1、大学四级-1894 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：103.00)1.现在邻居之间的交往和了解越来越少2造成这种现象的原因3我的观点Good Neighborhood（分数：103.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Do Environmentalists Hold Back Sustainable Lifestyles?.Who wants a sustainable lifestyle? Well actually quite a lot of people,apparent
2、ly. Far from being a niche concept,a major new study on sustainability from the UNEP says the idea is “misunderstood as a rich nation choice“.While the desire to enjoy western living standards is strong, the study picks out a range of sustainable living ideas being developed across the world. It say
3、s one of the biggest barriers to more people achieving them may be how we celebrate and communicate these ideas.Most definitions of sustainable lifestyles talk about three key areas; minimal environmental impact, not undermining the carrying capacity of resources (i. e. using only those that are ren
4、ewable or replaceable over time)an(t helping people interact with the communities and places in which they live.But, as the UNEP study points out,“people will only change their lifestyles in exchange for a better one“, so perhaps a fourth point could be just as important: making them desirable.Solit
5、aire Townsend,co-founder of sustainability consultancy Futerra,says making them desirable may be easier than we think. She points to some of the activities that people trying to live sustainably become involved in, such as cycling and changing the way they eat.Poor image of sustainabilityThe UNEP st
6、udy says much of the communication around sustainable lifestyles has tended to be from environmental groups and government and either “prescriptive, patronising (自认为高人一等) or disapproving“.“Rather than turn people on to the vast opportunities and enjoyment sustainable lifestyles can bring, they have
7、turned people off,“ says Townsend.Whats lacking,she argues, is a vision. “Nobody aspires to live a policy. People aspire to what they can see, feel, touch;something tangible. We dont have a passionate, eloquent, visual description of sustainable lifestyles, so people dont know they want them.“For ye
8、ars weve tried to sell climate change, but a lot of people arent buying,“ Townsend says. “Threats of climate hell havent seemed to hold us back from running headlong towards it. We must build a visual and compelling vision of low carbon heaven. And this vision must be desirable.“If it isnt more desi
9、rable than what weve got now then why bother reaching for it?“Reaching a bigger audienceHowever,creating a single “desirable“ vision of a sustainable lifestyle wont be enough on its own, according to Dr Michael Peters, from the Research Group on Lifestyles Values and Environment (RESOLVE)at the Univ
10、ersity of Surrey.“Initiatives that attempt to connect with people and engage in more sustainable ways tend to attract people who are already switched on environmentally,so theres a big barrier in connecting with people for whom environmental issues are not a key priority,“ he says.Peters says that i
11、n some cases the peripheral (次要的) benefits of lifestyles that exert less impact on the environment should be highlighted, such as the savings that can be made by running an energy efficient household.“If the moral environmental argument doesnt resonate (共鸣的), then perhaps the financial savings could
12、.“Measuring happinessOthers believe that the issue goes deeper than simply selling the benefits or desirability of a sustainable lifestyle-the biggest barrier of all may be social pressures and how we measure a happy and successful life.In the industrialised world especially, this tends to be judged
13、 in terms of material wealth. The traditional yardstick is that of consumption, typically viewed as an indication of well-being and wealth by economists with GDP regarded as the last word in measuring progress,development and prosperity of a society.But,as the UNEP study on sustainability points out
14、, GDP is not a reliable indicator of happiness or satisfaction. A quick look at the New Economics Foundations (NEF)Happy Planet Index reveals that those countries with the highest GDP are not ranked as the happiest.In fact, the top ten countries are all Latin American or Caribbean, with Costa Rica t
15、opping the ranks. Rich industrialised nations fall somewhere in the middle-the UK ranks 74th behind Germany, France and Italy, while the USA is way behind at 114th out of 143. Juliet Michaetson, a researcher at the NEF, agrees that the perception of what drives happiness presents a barrier to people
16、 living sustainable lifestyles.“As long as signs of success,both individually and at a societal level, are to do with material possessions and wealth then there is a big incentive to gear our behaviour towards producing those things,“ she says.“Those things are not the biggest driver of well-being.
17、Things such as your social relationships have a much bigger role to play.“Encouraging alternativesTim Cooper,Professor of sustainable design and consumption at Nottingham Trent University, says there is already plenty of evidence of people taking decisions which improve their quality of life over th
18、eir income, such as working part- time. But he worries that momentum (动力) may be lost by a lack of enthusiasm for sustainability among current politicians and policymakers.There have been concerns that green issues will be “downplayed“ across Government following the scrapping of the well-rcspected
19、watchdog, the Sustainable Development Commission (SDC).Professor Tim Jackson, author of the groundbreaking “Prosperity without Growth“ report for the SDC, agrees that there is alarm about whether the progress made over the past decade will be lost. However, he says that the reaction of the devolved
20、administrations-the Welsh Assembly Government in particular was outraged at the SDC decision-suggests that the understanding and prioritisation of sustainability is growing.He also points to Defras now annually published Sustainable Development Indicators as evidence that some parts of Government ar
21、e at least able to think about measuring progress using something other than GDP.Professor Cooper agrees, but says things need to go further. He worries that most Government departments are still stuck with “old-fashioned“ views of economic growth.“There is that potential out there-people don:t alwa
22、ys maximise their incomes-but that seems to be the only message the Government seems to be able to give. If it did take a slightly different approach and gave a delicate message that might help people move.“He points to education as the key sector and says sustainability should be embedded across th
23、e school curriculum, “at the moment we train them for society as it is rather than a vision for how it could be,“ he says.（分数：70.00）(1).What is one of the biggest barriers to more people achieving sustainable lifestyles according to UNEPs new study?A. How we think of western lifestyles.B. How we eva
24、luate the western living standards.C. How we celebrate and communicate sustainable ideas.D. How we enforce sustainable development.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Solitaire Townsend says people who want to live sustainably may_.A. minimize environmental impact B. undermine the carrying capacity of resourcesC.
25、interact with communities D. cycle and change the way they eat（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Townsend,who was responsible for turning people off to sustainable lifestyles?A. Environmental groups and government. B. Sustainability consultancy.C. Some government agencies. D. The UNEP.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.
26、D.(4).How can we make people “buy“ climate change according to Townsend?A. We must make a policy to aspire people to take actions.B. We must take actions to hold back the course of climate change.C. We must persuade people to believe climate change in a new way.D. We must build a visual and compelli
27、ng vision of low carbon heaven.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can encourage people to engage in more sustainable ways according to Dr Michael Peters?A. Environmental education. B. Environmental awareness.C. Financial punishment. D. Financial benefits.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).What is the traditional yardstick
28、 of a happy life,especially in the industrialised world?A. Material wealth. B. Happiness index. C. Social status. D. GDP.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).What is more important to peoples happiness according to Juliet Michaelson?A. Sustainable lifestyles. B. Material possessions.C. Societal benefits. D. Social
29、relationships.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Tim Cooper worries that the momentum of people to live sustainably may be discouraged by the lack of _among current politicians and policymakers.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Professor Tim Jackson points out that at least some parts of Government should use other things to m
30、easure progress instead of_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Professor Cooper thinks because of the key role of education all the school curriculums should be embedded with_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. He graduated earlier than his brother. B. He doesnt
31、go to the same school with his brother.C. He doesnt get along with his brother. D. He looks different from his brother.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Shed rather not discuss her problems. B. She has been healthy all the time.C. She finds it hard to explain her problems. D. She thinks she could have come ea
32、rlier.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Count her money and manage them well. B. Go to the seminar with the man.C. Help the man to manage his money. D. Pay all the expenses for the seminar.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. She cannot pick up Frank at the airport. B. She will firstly have class and then pick up Frank.C.
33、 She is not ready to pick up Frank for its too early. D. She does not like Frank and will not pick him up.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. He caught Professor Smith on TV. B. He completely missed the program.C. He was calling his mother and missed the program. D. He called his Professor for he missed him ver
34、y much（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. She will lend the man some money. B. She wants to borrow ten dollars.C. The man should pay her later. D. The man should forget about the debt.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The man hasnt heard from the professor for a week.B. The man has extra time to complete the assignment.C
35、. The man has to hand in his economics paper on time.D. The man wont be able to see the professor until next week.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. She doesnt clean the apartment. B. She tidies up the apartment all week.C. She needs to clean the lab all week. D. She helps to clean the apartment.（分数：7.00）A.B.C
36、.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Chatting with a friend. B. Answering a phone call.C. Playing a computer game. D. Reading a newspaper.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. She threw the menu to the man. B. She gave him a dirty look.C. She put more sugar in t
37、he coffee. D. She called her manager first.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. She made a change for him immediately. B. She refused to admit the mistake,C. She poured the coffee over his head. D. She ignored his complaint.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. He will talk his friends out of going to the coffee house.B. He w
38、ill tell the waitress that she should take responsibility.C. He will complain to the manager about the waitress.D. He will pour the coffee over the head of the waitress next time.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Ouestions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. She hasnt paid her
39、 bills. B. She is borrowing money to pay bills.C. She is paying interest for a loan. D. She has her brother pay the bills.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He lent the man some money to pay off his debts. B. He got the mans finances under control.C. He helped sell the mans car and his belongings. D. He restra
40、ined the mans financial outgoings for years.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Have control over her spending. B. Find a credit counselor for help.C. Pay off all the debts in time. D. Borrow money from family members.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you ha
41、ve just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Work hard to pay whole attention. B. Use a considerable amount of mental effort.C. Use a moderate amount of mental effort. D. Sit still and give total concentration.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Be relaxed. B. Sit back absent-mindedly.C. Listen attentively. D. Absorb the con
42、tents easily.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. A doctor doing pioneering work on listening skills.B. A famous public speaker working on listening skills.C. A student studying at the University of Minnesota.D. A doctor studying peoples hearing ability.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Faster heart action. B. Quicker blo
43、od circulation.C. Rise in body temperature. D. Heavier breath.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. The dust in the sky. B. The hole in the ozone layer.C. The fresh smell in the air. D. The gathering-up of clouds.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The
44、 sky. B. The ground.C. The clouds. D. The rain.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Falling rain. B. Grass and plants.C. Dry air. D. Moist air.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. To see if he has strong presentation skills. B. To test if he is addicte
45、d to any drugs.C. To make sure he wants to be a salesman. D. To check if he knows anything about the products.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. They liked the presentation very much.B. They seemed less enthusiastic than Ben had expected.C. They discussed with each other about the speech.D. They didnt think Be
46、n was logically clear.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Be careful about how to refer to the customers. B. Consider female doctors as the primary customers.C. Be more specific about the benefits of the products. D. Improve presentation skills and work ethic.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)American
47、s imagine that an argument with another person might result in the termination of their relationship. They do not (36) of argument as a sport or a pleasurable (37) . If Americans are in a discussion m which a difference of opinion is (38) , they are likely to say,“Lets not get into an argument about
48、 this.“ Rather than argue, they prefer to find areas of agreement,change the topic, or even (39) move away from the person they have been talking to.This is not to say that no Americans argue. There are those who do,even in interpersonal situations. Then,of course, there are the famous groups of Ame
49、rican lawyers. (40), though, they prefer not to. One result of their aversion (厌恶) to arguing is that they get little practice in verbally (41) their viewpoints. And one result of that,in turn, is that they may appear less (42) than they actually are.In many cases,conversations with a large amount of small talk or of ritual (43) usually produce little self- revelation (自我揭露). That is, (4
