1、大学英语六级-176 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Diversity in college admission makes good educational sense and good business sense. One reason is that learning to 1 with those who are very different from us is now a critical piece of a strong education. A broad range of 2 enriches
2、both the classrooms and residence halls. We will all be expected to be able to navigate an increasingly global society as well as a country in which there is no longer a clear 3 . It is also critical to nearly all colleges that they educate the future leaders of 4 communitiesthat they have a presenc
3、e, a “footprint,“ in a variety of populations and settings. But in evaluating diversity it is overly simplistic to look at admission rates alone. This is understandably cut-and-dried (已成定局的) in media 5 . Human beings are messy and complicated and bring with them messy and complicated back-stories, w
4、ell beyond grades and scores. A process that looks at applicants 6 necessarily takes far more into account than just grades and scores, or the student“s self-reported race or ethnicityit looks at many aspects of a student“s background, such as where he was raised, the family background and education
5、al history, language spoken in the household, opportunities 7 in the school or local community, and many additional aspects of a student“s heritage. Equally important, each college“s 8 process differs widely depending on the size and quality of its applicant pool. Each college or university that 9 i
6、ntegral admissionregardless of whether it is a public or private institution and regardless of its selectivity levelalways seeks to understand the overall context of an applicant before making an admission decision. Although diversity in its broadest definition has been proven to be an essential com
7、ponent of the educational experience, making admission decisions based on all 10 facts, in context, is the most critical aspect to crafting a class of college students. A. advantageous B. available C. coincide D. coverage E. engage F. integrally G. intends H. majority I. multiple J. perspectives K.
8、practices L. publication M. relevant N. selection O. simultaneously（分数：20.00）四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Can Your Name Affect Your Career?A. Throughout Shuki Khalili“s career, he suspected his name might be holding him back. When he worked for a Wall Street headhunter, he felt potential clients would
9、 blow him off when they heard his name. When he started his own business selling greeting cards, phones sales were initially a bust at first. “I tried using an American name, “Andrew Warner“, and suddenly I could at least engage them in conversation and sell them some ads so I could build my busines
10、s,“ he said. He now goes by Andrew Warner and runs a successful entrepreneurial resource site called Mixergy. corn in Santa Monica, Calif. B. Like it or not, your name can make a difference in how seriously you are taken at work and whether you even get your foot in the door for the interview. C. On
11、e study by researchers at MIT and the University of Chicago found that job applicants with names that sounded African-American got short shrift (受冷遇) when it came to the hiring process. The researchers sent out 5000 fake resumes, and it turned out that resumes with names such as Tyrone and Tamika we
12、re less likely to get calls from prospective employers than their Anglo-sounding counterparts, and qualifications seemed to have little impact. D. For Larry Whitten, owner of the Whitten Hotel in Taos, N. M., names mattered so much that he ordered a group of Hispanic employees change their names to
13、sound more Anglo-Saxon. For example, changing Marteen to plain-old Martin or Marco to Mark. At the Taos hotel, Whitten explained, when some workers answered the phones and said their names, customers didn“t understand what they were saying. For example, Mar-teen, sounded like “my thing“, he said. E.
14、 “I am not a racist,“ said Whitten, who fired several employees for insubordination (不服从). What motivated his decisions, he stressed, was the bottom line. “I“m not accustomed to Spanish lingo. A lot of people have the same thing,“ he said. “If a name is going to prevent me from getting a guest becau
15、se they hang up or can“t understand it or they get frustrated, I have to do something about it.“ He said he had operated a hotel in Oklahoma where 99 percent of his employees were African-American and did a similar thing. “I changed five or six names without any trouble there,“ he said. “Latasha to
16、Tasha, to make it easy.“ What“s in a name F. Indeed, it“s what people don“t know or understand that is sometimes at the heart of prejudice. And catering to such ignorance is no excuse for workplace discrimination, experts stressed. “Customer preferences and co-worker preferences are never something
17、that can justify discrimination,“ said Ernest Haffner, senior attorney adviser at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). G. “Changing somebody“s name is something that could be viewed as intentionally discriminatory or not but it still could have a disparate (迥然不同的) impact“ on a certain
18、 group of workers, said Haffner, who would not comment directly on the New Mexico hotel workers“ situation because he did not know the details. “If the employer feels people are uncomfortable with workers that have foreign-sounding names, then the employer is adopting the biases of the customers or
19、co-workers.“ H. If, however, the employer has some legitimate business reason for asking a worker to change his or her name, he said, and is not only singling out one group, then that may be a different story. Full disclosure here: My own family, Greek immigrants from Istanbul, has grappled with (尽力
20、解决) the name issue for years. My grandfather, whose first name was Soukias, worked in a New York textile factory and was told by his boss when he started: “Your name is now Joe. “ Also, my sister, an attorney in Virginia, changed her name to Tahmin from Tahmincioglu because an employer told her to p
21、ick a name that sounded more American. And more than one editor has asked me if I used my whole name on a byline (作者署名行). I chose to keep my last name, but my real first name is Evanthia. I go by Eve professionally. Issue of perception I. Tammy Kabell, a resume consultant, has often seen how names a
22、re perceived in her line of work. “I“ve had frank discussions with HR managers and hiring mangers in the corporate world, and they tell me when they see a name that“s ethnic or a black name, they perceive that person as having low education or coming from a lower socioeconomic class,“ she said. And
23、it“s only gotten worse during the recession, she added. “At 10 percent unemployment, they“re going through a lot of resumes, so they can be selective of who they call.“ J. Following Sept. 11, 2001, she noticed a particular bias against Muslim/Arab sounding names. One particular client who was an ele
24、ctrical engineer was from Pakistan and named Raheem. “He looked for a year and a half and couldn“t get anything,“ she explained, adding that he could only find a job as a supervisor of a cleaning staff at a Miami hotel. So how do you know if your name is holding you back? One site, BehindTheN, actua
25、lly provides feedback from readers on how a host of names from all different cultures and ethic groups are perceived. John, for example, was seen by those polled as largely “wholesome“, while Juan was rated higher when it came to being “devious“. And as far as the “strange“ rating on the two names44
26、 percent thought John was strange, while nearly 70 percent thought Juan was strange. K. Bruce Lansky, the author of 100000 Plus Baby Names , is convinced that a name could potentially make or break a child“s future career. “Most people in America are not bigoted (固执的), but they do have comfort zones
27、,“ he said. “If you“re picking a name for your child, it“s reasonable to select a name that reflects your ethnicity but which will strike most people as “familiar“ or “mainstream“ rather than “foreign“ or “off-putting“.“ In search of the mainstream L. HR managers, he said, tend to seek out applicant
28、s they feel are “familiar“ or “mainstream“. “A foreign-sounding or highly ethnic-sounding name will have people wondering if they spoke English in the household, or if they“ll be able to get along and mix with Americans.“ He suggested finding names that are part of your culture or ethnicity but are
29、not too overt. For example, he said, “if you“re Irish, you could choose Kevin or Shawn, instead of Dermott or Shamus.“ M. Or use an Anglo-sounding name as the middle name, he noted, giving a child a choice on what to use when they get older. “It can be Abdullah and his middle name can be Henry,“ he
30、said. Dennis W. Montoya, the lawyer representing eight of the fired employees from Whitten“s Taos hotel, doesn“t buy the whole change-your-name-to-conform argument. “At one point in time, it was society“s preference not to allow African-Americans to sit at the front of the bus,“ he pointed out. “If
31、we continued to cater to societal preferences, we“d still be living in those days.“ N. The fired workers, Montoya said, objected to being told they had to change their Hispanic given names because of a “value judgment imposed by the employer.“ Montoya said the EEOC is investigating the Whitten case.
32、 An EEOC official said the agency is “prohibited by law from confirming or denying any investigations.“ O. The hope is that the situation can be resolved through mediation (调解), Montoya said. “If this is not resolved through negotiations, then the case will proceed to a trial by jury,“ he added.（分数：
33、30.00）(1).According to Bruce Lansky, a well-chosen name could potentially make a child“s future career.（分数：3.00）(2).If mediation fails to work, the Whitten case will move to a trial by jury.（分数：3.00）(3).The researchers at MIT and the University of Chicago carried out the study by sending out fake re
34、sumes.（分数：3.00）(4).Haffner thinks that ordering certain employees to change their names could have a different impact on them.（分数：3.00）(5).Whitten ordered the employees to change their names because their names might cause misunderstanding.（分数：3.00）(6).Shuki Khalili“s new name changed his clients“ a
35、ttitude toward him.（分数：3.00）(7).Possible bias against Muslim/Arab sounding names can be inferred from the Raheem case.（分数：3.00）(8).Whitten“s employees who refused to change their names got fired.（分数：3.00）(9).If a child“s first name is highly ethnic-sounding, the parents can give the child a mainstre
36、am middle name.（分数：3.00）(10).HR managers and hiring managers usually associate ethnic or black names with poor educational background.（分数：3.00）五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The pace of human evolution has been increasing at a stunning rate since our ancestors began spreading through Europe, Asia and Af
37、rica 40000 years ago, quickening to 100 times historical levels after agriculture became widespread, according to a study published today. By examining more than 3 million variants of DNA in 269 people, researchers identified about 1800 genes that have been widely adopted in relatively recent times
38、because they offer some evolutionary benefit. Until recently, anthropologists believed that evolutionary pressure on humans eased after the transition to a more stable agrarian (农业的) lifestyle. But in the last few years, they realized the opposite was truediseases swept through societies in which la
39、rge groups lived in close quarters for a long time. Altogether, the recent genetic changes account for 7% of the human genome, according to the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . The advantage of all but about 100 of the genes remains a mystery, said University
40、of Wisconsin-Madison anthropologist John Hawks, who led the study. But the research team was able to conclude that infectious diseases and the introduction of new foods were the primary reasons that some genes swept through populations with such speed. “If there were not a mismatch between the popul
41、ation and the environment, there wouldn“t be any selection,“ Hawks said. “Dietary changes, disease changesthose create circumstances where selection can happen.“ One of the most famous examples is the spread of a gene that allows adults to digest milk. Though children were able to drink milk, they t
42、ypically developed lactose (乳糖) intolerance as they grew up. But after cattle and goats were domesticated in Europe and yaks and mares were domesticated in Asia, adults with a mutation that allowed them to digest milk had a nutritional advantage over those without. AS a result, they were more likely
43、 to have healthy offspring, prompting the mutation to spread, Hawks said. The mechanism also explains why genetic resistance to malaria has spread among Africanswho live where disease-carrying mosquitoes are prevalentbut not among Europeans or Asians. Most of the genetic changes the researchers iden
44、tified were found in only one geographic group or another. Races as we know them today didn“t exist until fewer than 20000 years ago, when genes involved in skin pigmentation (天然颜色) emerged, Hawks said. Paler skin allowed people in northern latitudes to absorb more sunlight to make vitamin D. “As po
45、pulations expanded into new environments, the pressures faced in those environments would have been different,“ said Noah Rosenberg, a human geneticist at the University of Michigan, who wasn“t involved in the study. “So it stands to reason that in different parts of the world, different genes will
46、appear to have experienced natural selection.“（分数：25.00）(1).Why human beings are believed to have less evolutionary pressure than before?（分数：5.00）A.They are more used to the environment.B.They are less likely to be threatened by diseases.C.The environment is more friendly to them.D.They have lived a
47、 more stable life.(2).The example of the genetic change that allows adults to digest milk illustrates that _.（分数：5.00）A.domestication of livestock is responsible for human dietary changesB.genetic changes can be caused by the introduction of new foodC.genetic changes happen to adults rather than chi
48、ldrenD.lactose intolerance prevents adults from digesting milk(3).The case of genetic resistance to malaria among Africans shows that _.（分数：5.00）A.Africans are capable of genetic changesB.the health care system in Africa is backwardC.infectious diseases create the chance for genetic changesD.people
49、in different places experience different genetic changes(4).What can we infer in terms of genetic changes from this passage?（分数：5.00）A.Overcrowding is responsible for genetic changes.B.The advantage of all genes is known to scientists.C.Genetic changes can always bring us benefits.D.Genetic changes seem to be confined to people living in the same area.(5).What“s the author“s purpose of writing this passage?（分数：5.00）A.To explain the reasons and features of recent human evolution.B.To remind people of the environment“s influence on human evolution.C.To remind people of
