1、大学英语六级 158及答案解析(总分：428.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Technology, a Blessing or a Curse? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1科学技术使人们的生活变得更加便利 2科学技术造成的负面影响 3我们应该怎样面对这种矛盾
2、（分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language that was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The p
3、oint of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a m
4、atter of spanning a given distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Software varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract pro
5、blem, like designing bridges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this. Designing systems of great mathematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknes
6、ses. And there is a role for mathematical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when I say languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I th
7、ink you ought to design for the best programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables were the letter x with integer subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones we
8、re languages designed for their own authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a specific group of other people: people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you
9、. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the most extreme case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but it was designed for its authors to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad progr
10、ammers is that there are more bad programmers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. Im interested in the question, how do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is
11、 identical to the question, how do you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other people) have the attitude of a governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I
12、 like the opposite approach: give the programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal partner. In the other languages I had learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the la
13、nguage, and the two were very separate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I wanted. It had the same appeal as open-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if yo
14、u look into the hearts of hackers, youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with just a couple lines of code? I think anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think al
15、most anything you can do to make programs shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; even the names of things should be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well
16、. A good part of manuals (说明书) is taken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by fixing the things in the language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish
17、that hacking was mathematics, or at least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that architects have to design buildings that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to m
18、ake discoveries about statistics. What hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write great programs, even when this work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research paper
19、s. Intellectually, it is just as worthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. How to Organize Big Libraries? Libraries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre a
20、lso getting bigger, and this can be dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that code is doing nothing but make your manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal
21、would be to design them so that the programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the sense that I have wondered about it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me,
22、except possibly for math. But it could be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is another question. What Do You Need for Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get
23、 written in the next twenty years will be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of programs we may need some new things. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get release
24、d. Instead of having one or two big releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or ten releases a day. And as a rule everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be d
25、ebug gable (调试器)? Well, server-based software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change and what is a momentous one. Another thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is cont
26、inuations. In Web-based software you can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe it would be worthwhile having actual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discove
27、r? Im not sure how reasonable a hope this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstractionsomething that would make as much of a difference as having first class functions or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things don
28、t get discovered that often. But I am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstract problems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for
29、 bad programmers.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Libraries are getting bigger and this can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming
30、 languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言). what I liked most about it was that it considered me_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with
31、just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by_that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are programs that sit_and talk to you through a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He should relax for a w
32、hile.B.The man should see a doctor in the library.C.It shouldnt take long to write the proposal.D.He should wrap up his books as quickly as possible.A.She doesnt really know what to buy.B.She doesnt like going shopping in big stores.C.She has too many choices of the same product.D.She is regretting
33、not having taken enough money.A.He is not equal to the job.B.He is not well paid for his work.C.He doesnt think the job is challenging enough.D.He cannot keep his mind on his work.A.The man thinks traveling by air is quite safe.B.The woman never travels by plane.C.Both speakers feel nervous when fly
34、ing.D.The speakers feel sad about the serious loss of life.A.The trees are what make the campus beautiful.B.The trees help cool down the air.C.She doesnt need to turn on her air conditioner anymore.D.She would like the air conditioner on.A.Stop thinking about the matter.B.Talk the drug user out of t
35、he habit.C.Be more friendly to his schoolmate.D.Keep his distance from drug addicts.A.He is not used to big cities.B.He is very tall and thin.C.He will be hard to find.D.He should watch what he does.A.It will take about one month to repair the watch.B.The woman should have saved more money.C.It is a
36、 good idea to keep the old watch.D.The watch is no longer worth repairing.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.He stayed in bed.B.He tried to get outside.C.He cried for help.D.He became mad.A.He was suffering from a heart trouble because of the sudden earthquake.B.He went to bed so late the previous night t
37、hat he wasnt woken up by the earthquake.C.He was having terrible flu.D.He was having spiritual disease.A.The first earthquake did wake him up but he didnt realize what was happening.B.The first earthquake woke up the man but he didnt want to leave his house.C.The man wasnt woken up by the first eart
38、hquake.D.The man was hurt by the earthquake.A.2 oclock in the morning.B.3 oclock in the morning.C.4 oclock in the morning.D.2:30 in the morning.A.In his last week Public Relation Class.B.In his last week Literature Class.C.In his last week History Class.D.In his last week Math Class.A.In 1622.B.In 1
39、631.C.In 1641.D.In 1621.A.They were religious people from New England.B.They were religious people from America.C.They were religious people from England.D.They were ethnic people from England.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.The coffee market in Boston.B.The role of supermarkets in the coffee business.
40、C.A new trend in the United States.D.The advertising of a new product.A.Gourmet coffee is less expensive.B.Regular brands of coffee have too much caffeine.C.Gourmet coffee tastes better.D.Gourmet coffee is grown in the United States.A.They will run out of coffee.B.They will successfully compete with
41、 gourmet coffee sellers.C.They will introduce new regular brands of coffee.D.They will lose some coffee business.A.A victim.B.A police detective.C.A robber.D.A pet bird.A.She recognized the robbers.B.She knew the robbers names.C.She found the stolen property.D.She reported the robbery.A.Two.B.Twenty
42、-six.C.Twenty-eight.D.Thirty.A.Babythe Parrot Detective.B.An Amazon Parrot.C.Rising Crime Rates in American Society.D.How to Protect Your House.A.In day-care centres where little children were taken care of.B.In areas in Chicago where poor people lived.C.In places where hot lunch was provided for yo
43、ung people.D.In schools where free classes were organized for young people.A.For young people and adults.B.For immigrants.C.For factory workers.D.For poor city children.A.Jane Adams contributions to society.B.Jane Adams struggle for womens liberation.C.Jane Adams life story.D.Jane Adams responsibili
44、ty for the poor.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Can we generate the new cultural attitudes required by our technological virtuosity? History is not very reassuring here. It has taken centuries to learn how to live (36) 1in the family, the tribe, the city, the state, and the nation. Each new (37) 2of huma
45、n sensitivity and loyalty has taken generations to become firmly (38) 3in the human mind. And now we are forced into a quantum leap from the mutual suspicion and (39) 4that have marked the past relations between peoples into a world in which mutual respect and comprehension are necessary. Even event
46、s of recent decades provide little basis for (40) 5. Increasing physical proximity has brought no millennium in human relations. If anything, it has appeared to intensify the divisions among people rather than to create a broader (41) 6. Every new reduction in physical distance has made us more pain
47、fully aware of the psychic distance that divides people and has increased alarm over real or imagined differences. If today people occasionally choke on what seem to be (42) 7 differences between rich and poor, male and female, specialist and non-specialist within cultures, what will happen tomorrow when people must assimilate and cope with still greater (43) 8 in life styles? (44) 9. Time and space h
