1、大学英语六级 196 及答案解析(总分：428.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Does Grades Mean Ability? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. Some people think that grades is the way to show o
2、nes ability. 2. Others hold that grades may not necessarily mean ability. 3. Your opinion. （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language that was unambiguous. The r
3、eason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal than others. One of the
4、cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a given distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Software varies in the same
5、way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bridges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this. Designing systems of great math
6、ematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknesses. And there is a role for mathematical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when I say languages have to be designed to suit human w
7、eaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I think you ought to design for the best programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables were the letter x with integer
8、 subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones were languages designed for their own authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a specific group of other people:
9、 people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the most extreme case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but it was designed for its author
10、s to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that there are more bad programmers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. Im interested in the question, h
11、ow do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is identical to the question, how do you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other people) have the attitude of a
12、 governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I like the opposite approach: give the programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal partner. In the other languages I h
13、ad learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the language, and the two were very separate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I wanted. It had the same appeal as o
14、pen-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if you look into the hearts of hackers, youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with just a couple lines of code? I t
15、hink anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think almost anything you can do to make programs shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; even the names of things should
16、be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well. A good part of manuals (说明书) is taken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by fixing the things in t
17、he language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish that hacking was mathematics, or at least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that architects have to design buildings
18、that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to make discoveries about statistics. What hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write great programs, even when this
19、 work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research papers. Intellectually, it is just as worthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. How to Organize Big Libraries? Li
20、braries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre also getting bigger, and this can be dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that code is doing nothing but make y
21、our manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal would be to design them so that the programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the sense that I have wondered about
22、 it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me, except possibly for math. But it could be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is another question. What Do You Need fo
23、r Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get written in the next twenty years will be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of programs we may need some new things
24、. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get released. Instead of having one or two big releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or ten releases a day. And as a rul
25、e everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be debug gable (调试器)? Well, server-based software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change and what is a momentous one. Anot
26、her thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is continuations. In Web-based software you can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe it would be worthwhile having a
27、ctual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discover? Im not sure how reasonable a hope this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstractionsomething that would make as much of a difference as having first class functions
28、 or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things dont get discovered that often. But I am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstract problems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG
29、(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for bad programmers.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Libraries are getting bigger and this
30、 can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言). what I liked most abo
31、ut it was that it considered me_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by_that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are programs that sit_and talk to you thro
32、ugh a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Not everyone from England likes to read all the time.B.People who teach English like things besides books.C.The English like to read a lot and listen to music.D.English teachers usually like to read a lot.A.By car.B.By subway.C.On f
33、oot.D.By bike.A.To attend a party.B.To go homeC.To repeat the same mistake.D.To disappoint them.A.Hes not so sure to buy the car.B.Hes ready to buy that car.C.Hes certain to buy the car.D.Hes afraid to buy that car.A.The woman will go home for dinner.B.The woman will go to the concert.C.Both of them
34、 will go home before going to the concert.D.The man and woman will eat together.A.At a hotel.B.At a post office.C.At a Museum.D.At a band.A.She made it herself.B.She has a tailor make it.C.She bought it a long time ago.D.She has an old one re-made.A.He is good at drawing pictures.B.He thinks the art
35、 museum is a very quiet place.C.He likes visiting the art museum very much.D.He likes paintings very much.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.To borrow his book.B.To talk about the term paper.C.To invite him to go canoeing.D.To ask him out for dinner.A.Food for the Friday night cookout.B.Tent for sleeping
36、out.C.Drinks for all day Saturday.D.A bathing suit and a sleeping bag.A.Eating out.B.Camping.C.Canoeing.D.Swimming.A.The womans.B.Toms.C.The mans.D.The trip leaders.A.She felt embarrassed in class.B.Her presentation received a poor grade.C.She had not completed her assignment.D.She was unable to att
37、end her psychology class.A.Shed be able to leave quickly.B.Shed be less nervous.C.Shed be able to locate where the man was seated.D.Shed know when her professor arrived.A.To introduce the woman to someone who has researched blushing.B.To illustrate the benefits of a public speaking class.C.To give a
38、n example of an adult who blushes easily.D.To explain a way to overcome blushing.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.If they dont involve any risks.B.If they produce predictable side effects.C.When the urgent need for them arises.D.When tests show that they are relatively safe.A.Because they are not accust
39、omed to it.B.Because they are not psychologically prepared for it.C.Because their genes differ from those who have been tested for it.D.Because they arc less sensitive to it than those who have been tested for it.A.They will have to take ever larger closes.B.They will become physically impaired.C.Th
40、ey will suffer from minor discomfort.D.They will experience a very painful process.A.The disadvantages of working in an office.B.The waste produced in an office.C.To save resources when working in an office.D.How to save water in a restroom.A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.A.Using computers is a waste of resource.B.
41、Many people dont turn off the computers after using them.C.Computers are run by electricity.D.A computer is not a must for working.A.We are short of paper.B.The printing is not important.C.We should save paper.D.We have to pay for the paper.A.They should not be too strict with the children.B.They sh
42、ould limit their demands on some children.C.They should demand more of their children.D.They should demand more of the bright children.A.To do comprehensive exercises.B.To read simple sentences.C.To copy out from the textbooks.D.To do all of the above.A.She assigned people to do this report.B.She ma
43、de investigations in the 700 schools.C.She supported the report.D.She wrote this report.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 17,000 years ago, but perhaps as early as 150,000 years ago based upon recent genetic fossil and DNA (36) 1. In this time, the dog has
44、developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of (37) 2. For example, heights at the shoulder range from just a few inches to roughly three feet, and colors range from white to black, with reds, grays, and browns (38) 3in tremendous (39) 4. Dogs are highly social animals and this (40) 5in th
45、eir overall behavioral system (41) 6 for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human (42) 7and social situations. This has earned dogs a (43) 8position in the realm of interspecies relationships. (44) 9 are thought to be reflections of the human idea of love and friendship, leadin
46、g many dog owners to view their pets as full fledged family members. Dogs seem to view their human companions as members of their pack, and make few, if any, distinctions between their owners and fellow canines. (45) 10. For dogs that do not have traditional jobs, a wide range of dog sports provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural dog skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as companions. Dogs have lived with and worked with humans in so many roles that (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
