1、大学英语六级 280 及答案解析(总分：448.01，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter to a Schoolmate. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 假设你是李明，你有一校友玩网络游戏成瘾，请给他写封信，劝告他戒掉这种游
2、戏。 你的信应包括以下内容： 1你得知他玩网络游戏成瘾的渠道及你的感受； 2过分玩网络游戏的危害； 3你对他的建议或忠告。 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges Definition of Culture We all communicate with others all the timein our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No m
3、atter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like, “He doesnt get it,“ or “She didnt really hear what I meant to say.“ “Culture“ is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach prob
4、lems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together. Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, “culture“ refers to a group or community with which
5、we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our econo
6、mic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once. Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experienceswhether of five years ago or of ten generations backshape who we are. Knowledge of our history can
7、help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication. Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences As people from different cultural groups take on
8、 the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we arent aware mat culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultu
9、ral values or assumptions that are different from others! -Different Communication Styles The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example,
10、 even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of “yes“ varies from “maybe, Ill consider it“ to “definitely so,“ with many shades in between. Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes
11、not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically c
12、onsider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussion than would members of some
13、 American ethnic or non-white racial groups. -Different Attitudes Toward Conflict Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do
14、arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the
15、 favored means to address me conflict. -Different Approaches to Completing Tasks From culture to culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Some reasons include different access to resources, different judgments of the rewards associated with task completion, differe
16、nt notions of time, and varied ideas about how relationship-building and task-oriented work should go together. When it comes to working together effectively on a task, cultures differ with respect to the importance placed on establishing relationships early on in the collaboration. A case in point,
17、 Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately on the task at hand, and let relationships dev
18、elop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently. -Different Decision-Making Styles The roles individuals play
19、in decision-making vary widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegatedthat is, an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin American countries, there is a strong value placed on holding
20、decision-making responsibilities oneself. When decisions are made by groups of people, majority rule is a common approach in the U.S.; in Japan consensus is the preferred mode. Be aware that individuals expectations about their own roles in shaping a decision may be influenced by their cultural fram
21、e of reference. -Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure In some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogue or when you are working with others. When
22、you are dealing with a conflict, be mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem natural to youWhat was the conflict about? What was your role in the conflict? What was the sequence of events?may seem intrusive to others. The variation among culture
23、s in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working. -Different Approaches to Knowing Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to epistem
24、ologies (认识论)that is, the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to African cultures preference for affective ways of knowing,
25、including symbolic imagery and rhythm. Asian cultures epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge gained through striving toward transcendence (卓越). Nichols, 1976) Recent popular works demonstrate that our own society is paying more attention to previously overlooked ways of knowing.
26、Conclusion An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not fault-finding or damaging. Anthropologists Avruch and Black have noted that, when faced by an interaction that we do not understand, peop
27、le tend to interpret the others involved as “abnormal“, “weird“ or “wrong“. (Avruch and Black, 1993) This tendency, if indulged, gives rise on the individual level to prejudice. If this propensity is either consciously or unconsciously integrated into organizational structures, then prejudice takes
28、root in our institutionsin the structures, laws, policies, and procedures mat shape our lives. Consequently, it is vital that we learn to control the human tendency to translate “different from me“ into “less than me“. We can learn to do this. We can also learn to collaborate across cultural lines a
29、s individuals and as a society. Awareness of cultural differences doesnt have to divide us from each other. It doesnt have to paralyze us either, for fear of not saying the “right thing“. In fact, becoming more aware of our cultural differences, as well as exploring our similarities, can help us com
30、municate with each other more effectively. Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other. （分数：71.00）(1).In a broad sense, people all belong to many cultures.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Jewish and Italian Americans usually think a raise
31、d voice means a beginning of a fight.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).In some Eastern countries, face-to-face meetings are favored to work through the conflicts.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Even people from the same cultural background complete their tasks differently.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Communication challenges
32、 result from differences in_.（分数：7.10）_(6).Cross-cultural communication begins when people understand how_relate to each other within our society.（分数：7.10）_(7).In Japan people preferred making their decisions on the basis of_.（分数：7.10）_(8).When assessing different attitudes toward disclosure, we sho
33、uld take_into consideration.（分数：7.10）_(9).Africans regard_ as affective ways of knowing things.（分数：7.10）_(10).Communication becomes efficient when people understand_ of cultures.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Mary earned the prize.B.Mary has granted the prize.C.Mary fails in the s
34、peech contest.D.The man doesnt think Mary deserves the prize.A.He fell during the soccer game.B.He is not a diligent student.C.He likes accounting more than psychology.D.Matthew wishes he had more time for his studies.A.Future happiness is attractive.B.The man shouldnt work too hard for the happines
35、s of future.C.The man should retire early.D.Todays happiness is less important than tomorrows.A.The lens.B.The price.C.The flash.D.The leather case.A.Study in a quiet place.B.Improve her grades gradually.C.Change the conditions of her dorm.D.Avoid distractions while studying in her dorm.A.Hes unwill
36、ing to fetch the laundry.B.He has already picked up the laundry.C.He will go before the laundry is closed.D.He thinks his mother should get the clothes back.A.She feels nervous about the test.B.She worries about her competence.C.She thinks she is well prepared.D.She doesnt like the training behind t
37、he wheel.A.Alice does not know much about computer.B.Alice is unlikely to find a job anywhere.C.Alice is not interested in anything but computer.D.Alice is likely to find a job in a computer company.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Theyre roommates.B.Theyre classmates.C.Theyre cousins.D.Theyre lab partn
38、ers.A.He couldnt decide on a topic for his paper.B.He hadnt heard from his family for some time.C.He thought the woman had been ill.D.He thought his paper would be late.A.To find the way back to the nest.B.To locate plant fibers.C.To identify relatives.D.To identify kinds of honey.A.Write a paper.B.
39、Observe how bees build nests.C.Visit his parents.D.Plan a family reunion.A.Those who like the same things that you do.B.Those who you can argue and not lose your temper.C.Those who you dont have to talk to all the time but can be silent with.D.All the above.A.To Jean, friendship is more important th
40、an life.B.To Jean, friendship is more important than love.C.To Jean, friendship is more important than anything else.D.To Jean, friendship is more important than family members.A.Love can lead to a lot of hurt feelings.B.Love can lead to a lot of quarrels.C.Love can lead to a lot of bitterness.D.Fri
41、ends are very important.A.Robert has lived in many places.B.Robert usually loses contact with his friends whenever he moves away.C.Robert doesnt write good letters.D.Robert believes that the friendship between him and his friends is just as strong as before though they are not living in the same are
42、a.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.To help mariners.B.To improve ship design and sailing methods.C.To study astronomy and mathematics.D.To improve his own skill as a sailor.A.To design vessels that could make long ocean voyages.B.To design vessels that could travel faster than those in use at that time.
43、C.To design vessels that could explore the coastline of Portugal.D.To design vessels that could carry larger crews and more cargo than existing ones.A.The First Modern Sailing Vessels.B.Prince Henrys Sailing Vessels.C.Prince Henry the Navigator.D.The First School for Sailors.A.The crops blooming per
44、iod is delayed.B.The roots of crops are cut off.C.The topsoil is seriously damaged.D.The growth of weeds is accelerated.A.Its a new way of applying chemical fertilizer.B.Its an improved method of harvesting crops.C.Its a creative technique for saving labor.D.Its a farming process limiting the use of
45、 ploughs.A.In areas with few weeds and unwanted plants.B.In areas with a severe shortage of water.C.In areas lacking in chemical fertilizer.D.In areas dependent on imported food.A.The presidents of the United States.B.Congress of the USA.C.The relationship between the Republican Party and the Democr
46、atic Party.D.The Republican Party.A.Lincoln, Eisenhower and Richard Nixon respectively held the presidency in the USA.B.The Republicans always fail to win a majority in Congress.C.The Republican Party is more conservative than the Democratic Party.D.Republicans were blamed for the economic crisis of
47、 1929.A.The Republican Party has always been supported by the Democratic Party.B.The Democratic Party is associated with free enterprise in the economy.C.The Democratic Party is the main opponent of the Republican Party.D.The Republican Party has never lost the presidency.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)President Clinton later today joins (36) 1 presidents Ford, Carter and Bush at “the presidents summit for Ame
