1、大学英语六级（2013 年 12月考试改革适用）-试卷 197及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Taking Action Is More Important than Daydreaming. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. （分
2、数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：11，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.Playing the guitar.B.Working at a restaurant.C.Singing in a rock concert.D.Dancing in a ballet recital.A.Because she has to work at the store.B.Because she is planning to go on a vacation.C.Because she is
3、going to Washington.D.Because she has to stay at home.A.He doesnt have a way of getting there.B.He will call the band to bring him there.C.He will go there in a big van with the woman.D.He will go there himself after he played in Washington.A.A recorder.B.A book.C.An album.D.A big van.A.A product de
4、signed for newborn babies.B.A company providing babysitter service.C.A television program regarding babies.D.A toy for newborn babies.A.To protect its skull.B.To protect its feet.C.To protect its neck.D.To protect its face.A.There is a large space for the babies.B.It is made of break-resistance mate
5、rial.C.It is quite light.D.It is painted with clowns.A.Demonstrate how the product works.B.Invite a volunteer to try the product.C.Move on to talk about another product.D.Ask another person to explain it in detail.5.Section B_A.How to safeguard the computer network.B.How to steal top secret files fr
6、om a military base.C.How to make modern devices broadcast invisible, inaudible signals.D.How to use an FM radio to detect the invisible, inaudible signals.A.Because it costs $ 77 billion to develop further.B.Because it even puts data in offline devices in danger.C.Because it aims at nuclear faciliti
7、es and military bases.D.Because it is revealed to reporters and the public.A.By getting all the devices off the Internet.B.By stopping using all the advanced laser printers.C.By installing high-tech anti-hacking softwares.D.By using an AM radio to detect the signals.A.To shorten the gap between the
8、rural community and the Silicon Valley.B.To provide some proper training for students in a rural community.C.To recruit competent employees from communities around the Silicon Valley.D.To offer internship positions for outstanding students from rural communities.A.10 hours.B.1 week.C.1 month.D.10 mo
9、nths.A.Students studying in a three-year college.B.Students whose fathers are farmers.C.Students majoring in agriculture.D.Students who have a demonstrated ability in math or science.A.From his father.B.From AT&T.C.From his university.D.From a CNN report.6.Section C_A.Incidents of workers caused glo
10、bal anger.B.Kafala system leaves workers open to abuse.C.An Indonesian worker was starved to death.D.Migrant workers can be targets of abuse.A.Her supporters paid the family of the man she killed.B.She got help from the International Labor Organization.C.She argued that her employer was raping her a
11、t the time.D.She spent a month in a hospital because of her injuries.A.It needs negotiation for better conditions.B.It requires at least a three-year suspension.C.It can become similar to human trafficking.D.It needs ILOs approval on Convention 189.A.His books have been sold worldwide.B.He can speak
12、 and write eight languages.C.His lifestyle is well-known in the world.D.He has been to many countries before.A.It appears in your physiology.B.It is in your value system.C.It is emphasized by philosophers.D.It carries its own beliefs.A.It is the centre of the world.B.It is not easy to reach.C.It has
13、 no room for lies.D.It is bright like the sun.A.Try to get what youve missed.B.Love the abundance you have.C.Think of ways to be better.D.Be satisfied with your past.A.Imitating the words in movies.B.Remembering words in a song.C.Listening and repeating words.D.Speaking the words to a rhythm.A.The t
14、hree groups did exactly the same.B.The first group did the best in 4 tests.C.The second group performed better.D.The third group came out on top.A.Singing could lead to new ways of learning a foreign language.B.Learners shouldnt use music all the time to learn a foreign language.C.Language learners
15、already know the value of using singing.D.Adults learn words better when remembering them in songs.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehension_8.Section A_The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox(传统的)economics, where it is thought to lead to benefits f
16、or the economy as a whole. It is what the 18th-century Scottish economist Adam Smith described as the “invisible hand“. But evolutionary biologists have come to see cooperation and selflessness as a big part of our 1as a species. During the course of our evolution, they point out, cooperative groups
17、 2outcompeted groups of cheats. So we are inherently cooperative when operating within our own groups. We have also 3social mechanisms to reinforce actions that benefit the group. “ You could say teamwork at the scale of small groups is the signature 4of our species,“ says evolutionary biologist Dav
18、id Sloan Wilson from Binghamton University in New York. But 5teamwork can include a competition mechanism to promote actions that benefit the group, particularly in larger groups. Its also important to remember that in-group cooperation evolved partly in response to competition between groups. This
19、evolutionary perspective is radically new to economics, and it could be relevant to grand-scale economic problems that require solutions involving cooperation between nations. Take the challenge of getting nations to work together over economic solutions to climate changea 6focus in the run-up to cl
20、imate negotiations in Paris, France, later this year. This is a gargantuan(巨大的)problem from any perspective, but it is 7an issue of coordination for the sake of the common good at a massive scale, says Wilson. “ The challenge is therefore to 8at larger scales the coordination and control that takes
21、place more spontaneously at smaller scales,“ he saysfrom multicellular(多细胞的)organisms to village-sized groups of humans. “ Morality evolved out of cooperation within and competition between groups, so when acting as a single group to tackle global problems we will have to 9the role of natural select
22、ion ourselves,“ Wilson says. This might involve pursuing a wide variety of 10, identifying those that work best, and then creating incentives to cooperate on implementation. “In some ways its the opposite of the invisible hand. “A)adaptation I)particularB)assume J)promptlyC)compel K)remarkableD)cons
23、istently L)rumorE)developed M)strategiesF)effective N)successG)essentially O)suspicion H)implement（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Section B_Rainforest CityAA patch of tropical rainforest has twice the number of mammal species, five times the bats an
24、d birds and ten times the types of trees than an identical sized patch of temperate forest. Explaining this diversity is extremely difficult, but much of the answer lies in the unique complexity, productivity and dynamism of the place. These three features have simultaneously fed upon each other to
25、erect and populate the equivalent of vast, buzzing metropolises in the living world.BIn fact, the more we look at the rainforest, the more we see parallels with a city. Just like a city, the rainforest has “guilds“groups that share a common livelihood. Where the city may have guilds of locksmiths an
26、d fishmongers(鱼贩), the rainforest has guilds of understorey nectar eaters and emergent epiphytes(附生植物). And, just as a large city offers more employment opportunities than a small town, the rainforest has significantly more guilds than other habitats. This is partly due to its more complex structure
27、the fact that there is an understorey means species can find a livelihood in the understorey but the rainforest is also effectively open all year and so it offers employment that is simply not available in other habitats.CA deckchair attendant in Britain has to do odd jobs in the winter, but in Thai
28、land its a year-round occupation. Similarly, no animal can be just a seed-eater in an oak forest, because acorns only fall in autumn. In the rainforest, seeds are always falling from the canopy(树冠), and so seed-eating is a legitimate professionit has its own guild. Similarly, due to the year-round d
29、emand in cities, specialists such as carpet-cleaners, copywriters and couriers can thrive, while in a small town, they are absent.DThe rainforest “job market“ is also enormous as a result of its permanently booming “economy“. In nature, energy is the currency, and the incredible productivity of the
30、rainforest ensures that theres always enough of it around to enable millions of species to live side by side. And, to avoid competition, natural selection has made sure that, even within a guild there are tiny differences in the diets, habitats or behaviors of each member. The rainforest could there
31、fore be regarded as a vast association of specialists, a community of animals and plants that ply their own very particular trade. In insects, the specialization is extreme. Most live on only one or two species of plant. One tree in Panama was found to have 163 species of beetles that were exclusive
32、 to that type of tree.EMost rainforest plants protect their leaves with poisons. In order to eat a plants leaves, the insects have to evolve to become tolerant to its particular cocktail of toxins(毒素). After thousands of years, most herbivorous insects are committed to living on their host plant alo
33、ne. So, every poison-laced rainforest tree has a whole community of species living on, under and around it that are not found anywhere else. This situation is not unique to the rainforest. The same happens in Britain. In oak or Scots pine forests, a host of species live on just the oak trees or Scot
34、s pines. But the fact is that in these forests, virtually every tree is an oak or a Scots pine.FWhat makes the rainforest so special, and so diverse, is that in one hectare there can be 300 different types of trees, each with its own exclusive community. In one tract of forest there are thousands, a
35、nd worldwide there could be up to 50,000 canopy-tree species. To an insect, the rainforest isnt just one job market, but thousands of different job markets, all located in the same city. This “mosaic(组合)of trees“ is probably the single most important cause of diversity in the rainforest, and yet we
36、dont really understand how it happensthat is, why you dont normally find groves of trees in the rainforest.GIt could be that the 50,000 different trees suit 50,000 different types of plots and that the best tree for the spot excludes all the others. Or, it could be that all the trees are as “good“ a
37、s each other and that the forest is trapped in an endless game of tick-tack-toe(三连游戏)with no ultimate winner. Or, it could be that some species are better than the others and are in the process of taking over, but because this process would take centuries, they never quite manage it before something
38、 such as a storm or landslide puts them back to square one.HBut none of these explanations answers a simple question: if this is true for the rainforest, why isnt it true for an oak forest in England? The only theory that solves this puzzle is one that looks back to animals for an answer. Remember t
39、he guild of seed-eaters? In the rainforest a long list of species belongs to this guild. There are beetles and weevils(象鼻虫), squirrels and mice, rats, birds and larger mammals such as forest pigs, deer and tapirs. When this gang finds a tree in fruit, they feast until virtually no seed survives. The
40、 only seeds that are spared are those scattered far and wide, lying alone on the forest floor. It is these seeds that will go on to create the next generation of canopy treesone that, like the previous generation, is also scattered far and wide.IThis is how the seed-eaters might create a mosaic of t
41、reesby stopping any one tree from becoming too common. It wouldnt happen in an English oak forest because there is no guild of seed-eatersits not a year-round occupation. No one doubts that the rainforest is extremely valuable, but not everyone sees this value in the same way. Timber merchants, for
42、example, see one kind of value, and environmentalists see another. To many scientists, a rainforest is most valuable when left alone to prosper without human interference, but with a growing human population, a global market for extracted goods and the extent of poverty around the equator, an evalua
43、tion of the rainforest has to be more practical than this.JA new breed of rainforest valuation attempts to fit into the accounting books of nations and international organisations. It speaks the language of accountants, costs both the benefits of an intact rainforest and the losses of a vanished one
44、, works out a forests “natural capital“ and assesses its contribution to “environmental services“. Its grand conclusion:each hectare of intact rainforest is worth about 4, 500. It may not sound much, but that puts more than 7.5 trillion in the pockets of some of the most troubled countries on Earth.
45、KSo where does this figure come from? Three quarters of it represents the uncollected harvest of a living rainforest. Managed sensibly, a wild forest can yield all sorts of sustainable cropstimber, fruit, nuts, fiber, pulpwood, gums, resins, oils, veneerand there are many more treasures in there tha
46、t we havent discovered yet. At least 3,000 fruits are known from rainforest plant collections, but only 200 of these are now in the marketplace. There are thousands of timbers, resins and oils that weve never analyzed.LAnd, perhaps most important of all, the rainforest is a natural pharmacy(药房). All those poisonous plants are a goldmine of possible drugs. To date, less than one percent of rainforest plants have been examined for medicinal uses, but even this tiny per
