1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 289 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)There was a time not long ago when new science Ph. D. s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界). But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but
2、also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there“s also a rising awareness of career options that Ph. D. scientists haven“t trained for directlybut for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and expe
3、rience. Still, there“s a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to re
4、quire Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan(IDP). In 2002, the U. S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academi
5、c institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the U. S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and
6、private, are moving in a similar direction. IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, d
7、etermine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term)goals. In science, graduate students and new PhD. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path. A free Web application for this purpose, called myIDP, has become available this week. It“s designed to guide earl
8、y-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection (内省) to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee“s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories (轨迹). After the user has iden
9、tified a long-term career goal, myIDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice. Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to he
10、lp them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus myIDP will be most effective when it“s embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-
11、term career goals.（分数：20.00）(1).What do we learn about new science Ph.D. s in the United States today?（分数：4.00）A.They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs.B.They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs.C.They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.D.They are reg
12、arded as the nation“s driving force of change.(2).What does the author say about America“s Ph.D. training?（分数：4.00）A.It should be improved to better suit the job market.B.It is closely linked to future career requirements.C.It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia.D.It includes a great v
13、ariety of practical courses.(3).What was recommended for Ph. D. s and postdoctoral researchers?（分数：4.00）A.They meet the urgent needs of the corporate world.B.A long-term career goal be set as early as possible.C.An IDP be made in consultation with an adviser.D.They acquire all explicit tool to help
14、obtain jobs.(4).Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to _.（分数：4.00）A.bring into full play the skills and expertise of their postdoctoral researchersB.help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goalsC.place employees in the most appropriate positi
15、onsD.hire the most suitable candidates to work for them(5).What do we know about myIDP?（分数：4.00）A.It is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans.B.It enables people to look into various possibilities and choose the career they love.C.It promises a long-term care
16、er path.D.It is part of the graduate curricula.Just over a decade into the 21st century, women“s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fun
17、d; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghanain these and countless other areas, women are leaving their-mark. But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren“t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000 w
18、omen die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U. S. rose to 14.5% last year. To measure the state of Women“s progress, Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect women“s lives:
19、 treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings. Countries wit
20、h the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined (神圣化). But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked thi
21、rd overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation“s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly. “Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have the
22、re been enough women in politics to make a difference,“ says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U. N. Women. Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad st
23、rokes and generalities. Some things simply can“t be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons can“t account for differences of opinion. Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Econo
24、mic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,“ she said. “There“s a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater politi
25、cal stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.“（分数：20.00）(1).What does the author think about women“s progress so far?（分数：4.00）A.It still leaves much to be desired.
26、B.It is too remarkable to be measured.C.It has greatly changed women“s fate.D.It is achieved through hard struggle.(2).In what countries have women made the greatest progress?（分数：4.00）A.Where women hold key posts in government.B.Where women“s rights are protected by law.C.Where women“s participation
27、 in management is high.D.Where women enjoy better education and health care.(3).What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?（分数：4.00）A.They care little about political participation.B.They are generally treated as equals by men.C.They have a surprisingly low social status.D.They are under
28、represented in politics.(4).What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation“s top office?（分数：4.00）A.It does not necessarily raise women“s political awareness.B.It does not guarantee a better life for the nation“s women.C.It enhances women“s status.D.It boosts women“s confidence.(5).Wha
29、t does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?（分数：4.00）A.Give women more political power.B.Stimulate women“s creativity.C.Allow women access to education.D.Tap women“s economic potential.Call it the “learning paradox“: the more you struggle and even fail while you“re trying t
30、o learn new information, the better you“re likely to recall and apply that information later. The learning paradox is at the heart of “productive failure,“ a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to ne
31、w knowledgeproviding lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students show that they can do it on their ownmakes intuitive sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, it“s better to let the learners wrestle (较劲) with the material on their own for a while, refrain tug fr
32、om giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published recently, Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools. With one group of students, the teacher provided strong “scaffolding“insturctional supportand feedback. With the teacher“s he
33、lp, these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems. Meanwhile, a second group was directed to solve the same problems by collaborating with one another, without any prompts from their instructor. These students weren“t able to complete the problems correctly. But in the course o
34、f trying to do so, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like. And when the two groups were tested on what they“d learned, the second group “significantly outperformed“ the first. The apparent straggles of the floundering (挣扎的) g
35、roup have what Kapur calls a “hidden efficacy“: they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems, not simply their correct solutions. When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test, they“re able to transfer the knowledge they“ve gathered more effectively than tho
36、se who were the passive recipients of someone else“s expertise. In the real world, problems rarely come neatly packaged, so being able to discern their deep structure is key. But, Kapur notes, none of us like to fail, no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of
37、an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and bums. So we need to “design for productive failure“ by building it into the learning process. Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle. First, choose problems to work on that “challenge but do not fr
38、ustrate.“ Second, provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they“re doing. Third, give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems. And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style: you“ll thank me later.（分数：20.00）(1).
39、Why does the author call the learning process a paradox?（分数：4.00）A.Pains do not necessarily lead to gains.B.What is learned is rarely applicable in life.C.Failure more often than not breeds success.D.The more is taught, the less is learnt.(2).What does Kapur disapprove of in teaching?（分数：4.00）A.Aski
40、ng students to find and solve problems on their own.B.Developing students“ ability to apply what they learn.C.Giving students detailed guidance and instruction.D.Allowing students a free hand in problem solving.(3).What do people tend to think of providing strong “scaffolding“ in teaching?（分数：4.00）A
41、.It will make teaching easier.B.It is a sensible way of teaching.C.It can motivate average students.D.It will enhance students“ confidence.(4).What kind of problem should be given to students to solve according to Kapur?（分数：4.00）A.h should be able to encourage collaborative learning.B.It should be e
42、asy enough so as not to frustrate students.C.It should be solvable by average students with ease.D.It should be difficult enough but still within their reach.(5).What can be expected of “this tough-love teaching style“ (Line 8, Para. 5)?（分数：4.00）A.Students will be grateful in the long run.B.Teachers
43、 will meet with a lot of resistance.C.Parents will think it too harsh on their kids.D.It may not be able to yield the desired results.Vernon Bowman, a 75-year-old farmer from rural Indiana, did something that got him sued. He planted soybeans (大豆) sold as cattle feed. But Monsanto, the agricultural
44、giant, insists it has a patent on the kind of genetically modified seeds Bowman usedand that the patent continues to all of the progeny (后代) of those seeds. Have we really gotten to the point that planting a seed can lead to a high-stakes Supreme Court patent lawsuit? We have, and that ease is Bowma
45、n vs. Monsanto, which is being argued on Tuesday. Monsanto“s critics have attacked the company for its “merciless legal battles against small farmers,“ and they are hoping this will be the case that puts it in its place. They are also hoping the court“s ruling will rein in patent law, which is incre
46、asingly being used to claim new life forms as private property. Monsanto and its supporters, not surprisingly, see the case very differently. They argue that when a company like Monsanto goes to great expense to create a valuable new genetically modified seed, it must be able to protect its property
47、 interests. If farmers like Bowman are able to use these seeds without paying the designated fee, it will remove the incentives for companies like Monsanto to innovate. Monsanto accused Bowman of patent infringement and won an $ 84, 456 damage award. Bather than pay up or work out a settlement, Bowm
48、an decided to appealall the way to the Supreme Court. He said “Monsanto should not be able, just because they“ve got billions of dollars to spend on legal fees, to try to terrify farmers into obeying their agreements by massive force and threats.“ The central issue in the case is whether patent righ
49、ts to living things extend to the progeny of those things. Monsanto argues that its patents extend to later generations. But Bowman“s supporters argue that Monsanto is trying to expand the scope of patents in ways that would enrich big corporations and hurt small farmers. They say that if Monsanto wins, the impact will extend far beyond agriculturelocking up property rights in an array of important areas. Knowledge Ecology International contends that the Supreme Court“s ruling could have “profound effects“ on other biotech industries. If this were a Hollywood movie, the courageou
