1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 291及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That“s partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more
2、 effort, to achieve those goals. What“s far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting. Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingl
3、y little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis, and unethical (不道德的) behavior in general. “Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert mor
4、e effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,“ says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penn“s Wharton School. “It turns out there“s no economic benefit to just having a goalyou just get a psychological benefit“ Schweitzer say
5、s. “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.“ A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitz
6、er says, is the actual trades were not profitable. Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for w
7、ork and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis. Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his team“s use of such evidence as news accounts to suppor
8、t his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed. In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: “Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of p
9、urpose.“ But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence“ linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,“ he says. “Goal-
10、setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,“ Schweitzer says.（分数：20.00）(1).What message does
11、the author try to convey about goal-setting?（分数：4.00）A.Its negative effects have long been neglected.B.The goal increase people“s work efficiency.C.Its role has been largely underestimated.D.The goals most people set are unrealistic.(2).What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example
12、 of Enron?（分数：4.00）A.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.B.Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.C.Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.D.Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power.(3).How did
13、Sears“ goal-setting affect its employees?（分数：4.00）A.They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.B.They competed with one another to attract more customers.C.They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.D.They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.(4
14、).What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer“s research?（分数：4.00）A.Its findings are not of much practical value.B.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.C.Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.D.It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.(5).What
15、 is Schweitzer“s contention against Edwin Locke?（分数：4.00）A.The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.B.Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.C.The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.D.Studying goal-setting can throw m
16、ore light on successful business practices.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West“s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia? Just a few decades ago,
17、Asia“s two giants were stagnating (停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensibl
18、e government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government“. Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each gone ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 19
19、80s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of governmentfollowing Ronald Regan“s idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.“ Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was
20、decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “big government“. If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that the America“s problems are not insoluble. A few sensible fed
21、eral measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the country“s huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for g
22、reen energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulati
23、on. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fiscal (财政的) policies as a result. Meanwhile, Europe has fallen
24、 prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to the
25、ir endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $ 580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the bloc“s larger problem.（分数：20.00）(1).What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?（分数：4.00）A.Copying western-st
26、yle economic behavior.B.Heavy reliance on the hand of government.C.Timely reform of government at all levels.D.Free market plus government intervention.(2).What does Ronald Reagan mean by swing “government is the problem“ (Line 4, Para.3)?（分数：4.00）A.Many social evils are caused by wrong government p
27、olicies.B.Many social problems arise from government“s inefficiency.C.Government action is key to solving economic problems.D.Government regulation hinders economic development.(3).What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?（分数：4.00）A.Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free mark
28、et.B.Cooperation between the government and businesses.C.Abandonment of big government by the public.D.Effective measures adopted by the government.(4).What is the author“s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?（分数：4.00）A.They urge the government to revise its ex
29、isting public policies.B.They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.C.They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.D.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.(5).What“s the problem with the European Union?（分数：4.00）A.Conservative ideology.B
30、.Shrinking market.C.Lack of resources.D.Excessive borrowing.What“s the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil? How about trade? When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $ 50 billion
31、, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $ 200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower gro
32、wth. But there“s another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recessiona renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United Statesbut an economic expansion. The rising volume of trademore good
33、s and services shuttling in and out of the United Stateis good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics (物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign marketswhen we import
34、 more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that pr
35、oduce commodities for which global demand sets the priceagricultural goods, mining, metals, oil. And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While t
36、hat may not do much for imports, it does help GM“s balance sheetand hence makes the jobs of U. S.-based executives more stable. One great challenge for the U. S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That“s to be expected
37、, given what we“ve been through. But there“s a bigger challenge. Can U. S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but
38、it“s no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home. Companies and individuals who don“t have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lion“s share of economic oppo
39、rtunity in our world.（分数：20.00）(1).How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?（分数：4.00）A.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.B.It reflects Americans“ preference for imported goods.C.It signifies a change in American economic structure.D.It is the result of America“
40、s growing focus on domestic market.(2).What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?（分数：4.00）A.It indicates that economic activities in the U. S. have increased.B.It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.C.It shows that U.S. economy is slipping further into rec
41、ession.D.It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.(3).Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?（分数：4.00）A.People who have expertise in international trade.B.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.C.Consumers who favor imported goods and services.D.Retai
42、lers dealing in foreign goods and services.(4).What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?（分数：4.00）A.Decreasing productivity.B.People“s reluctance to spend.C.Competition from overseas.D.Slack trade activities.(5).What is the author“s advice to U.S. companies and individuals?（分数：4.00）A
43、.To import more cheap goods from developing countries.B.To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.C.To increase their market share overseas.D.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the U. K.“s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new kno
44、wledge into new products and services. Recently, the U. K. National Stem Cell Network warned the U. K. could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the nat
45、ional innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, U. S.A. and U.K. shows that, from a rel
46、atively weak starting position, the U. K. now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of U. K. universities. Evidence suggests the U. K.“s position is much stronger th
47、an in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.
48、This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the U. K. and is mirrored across other economies. In the U. K., research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD gradu
49、ates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities. The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of inve
