1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 318 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Women are half the population but only 15% of board members at big American firms, and 10% in Europe. Companies that fish in only half of the talent pool will lose out to those that cast their net more widely. There is a
2、lso evidence that mixed boards make better decisions. Mindful of this, European countries are passing laws that would force companies to promote more women to the executive suite. A new French law requires listed firms to reserve 40% of board seats for women by 2017. Norway and Spain have similar la
3、ws; Germany is considering one. The European Parliament declared this month that such quotas should be applied throughout the European Union. There are two main arguments for compulsory quotas. One is that the men who dominate corporate boards are hopelessly sexist: they promote people like themselv
4、es and ignore any female talent. The second argument is more subtle. Talented executives need mentors(导师) to help them climb the ladder. Male directors mentor young men but are reluctant to get friendly with young women, lest the relationship be misinterpreted. Quotas will break this vicious cycle b
5、y putting lots of women at the top, who can then offer their sisters a leg up. There may be something in both arguments, but in most rich countries sexism is no longer the main obstacle to women“s careers. Children are. Most women take career breaks to look after them. Many care for elderly relative
6、s, too. One study found that two-thirds of American women had at some point switched from full-time work to part-time or flexible time to balance work and family. Such choices make it harder for women to gain the experience necessary to make it to the very top. What is more, big companies are increa
7、singly global. Many want a boss who has worked in more than one country. Such foreign postings disrupt families; many women turn them down. And many, anticipating a career break at some point in the future, enter fields where their skills will not quickly become outdated, such as law or human resour
8、ces. Some lawyers make good chief executives. But firms often want people with financial or operational experience for the top jobs, and these fields are still male-dominated. Quotas are too blunt a tool for such a tangled problem. The women companies are compelled to put on boards are unlikely to b
9、e as useful as those they place there voluntarily. Quotas force firms either to pad their boards with token non-executive directors, or to allocate real power on the basis of sex rather than merit. Enforcing quotas for women has led to large numbers of inexperienced women being appointed to boards,
10、and seriously damaged those firms“ performance.（分数：20.00）(1).What will happen to a company if men dominate its executive board?（分数：4.00）A.Its talent pool will dry out sooner.B.Its competitiveness will be weakened.C.Its women employees will complain.D.It is bound to make unwise decisions.(2).What see
11、ms to prevent women from becoming board members apart from sexism?（分数：4.00）A.Many of them lack the courage to face the challenge in the board room.B.Male directors are afraid of women“s potential threat to their authority.C.Few of them have the training and qualifications needed for executive duties
12、D.Male directors refrain from giving them guidance to avoid misunderstanding.(3).What does the author say is the real barrier to women“s careers?（分数：4.00）A.An apparent lack of necessary legislation.B.Fierce competition from male colleagues.C.The burden of taking care of their family.D.The widesprea
13、d sexism in the workplace.(4).Why do many women choose to enter such fields as law or human resources?（分数：4.00）A.They allow women career breaks if need be.B.They can bring a woman“s talent into full play.C.They offer high salaries and attractive benefits.D.They pave the way for women to become CEOs.
14、5).What does the author think of the practice of enforcing quotas for women executives?（分数：4.00）A.It is a simple solution to a tangled problem.B.It is an effective tool to combat sexism.C.It helps fill the executive board with talents.D.It adversely affects a firm“s performance.International govern
15、ments“ inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive(主动出击的)approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M that data is a transparent and reliable lens that allows us to filter out emotionalism and ideology; that data will he
16、lp us do remark-able thingslike foretell the future. Over the next year, I“m hoping to get a better grip on some of the questions raised by the data revolution: in what situations should we rely on intuitive pattern recognition and in which situations should we ignore intuition and follow the data?
17、What kinds of events are predictable using statistical analysis and what sorts of events are not? I confess I enter this in a skeptical frame of mind believing that we tend to get carried away in our desire to reduce everything to the quantifiable. But at the outset let me celebrate two things data
18、does really well. First, it“s really good at exposing when our intuitive view of reality is wrong. For example, nearly every person who runs for political office has an intuitive sense that they can powerfully influence their odds of winning the election if they can just raise and spend more money.
19、But this is largely wrong. After the 2006 election, Sean Trende constructed a graph comparing the incumbent(在任者的) campaign spending advantages with their eventual margins of victory. There was barely any relationship between more spending and a bigger victory. Likewise, many teachers have an intuiti
20、ve sense that different students have different learning styles: some are verbal and some are visual; some are linear, some are holistic(整体的). Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they tailor their presentations to each student. But there“s no evidence to support this either. Second, data
21、can illuminate patterns of behavior we haven“t yet noticed. For example, I“ve always assumed people who frequently use words like“ I“, “me“, and“ mine“ are probably more self-centered than people who don“t. But as James Pennebaker of the University of Texas notes in his book, The Secret Life of Pron
22、ouns, when people are feeling confident, they are focused on the task at hand, not on themselves. High-status, confident people use fewer “I“ words, not more. Our brains often don“t notice subtle verbal patterns, but Pennebaker“s computers can. Younger writers use more negative and past-tense words
23、than older writers who use more positive and future- tense words. In sum, the data revolution is giving us wonderful ways to understand the present and the past. Will it transform our ability to predict and make decisions about the future? We“ll see.（分数：20.00）(1).What do data-ists assume they can do
24、分数：4.00）A.Transform people“s cultural identity.B.Change the way future events unfold.C.Get a firm grip on the most important issues.D.Eliminate emotional and ideological bias.(2).What do people running for political office think they can do?（分数：4.00）A.Use data analysis to predict the election resu
25、lts.B.Win the election if they can raise enough funds.C.Manipulate public opinion with favorable data.D.Increase the chances of winning by foul means.(3).Why do many teachers favor the idea of tailoring their presentations to different students?（分数：4.00）A.They think students prefer flexible teaching
26、 methods.B.They will be able to try different approaches.C.They believe students“ learning styles vary.D.They can accommodate students with special needs.(4).What does James Pennebaker reveal in The Secret Life of Pronouns?（分数：4.00）A.The importance of using pronouns properly.B.Repeated use of first-
27、person pronouns by self-centered people.C.Frequent use of pronouns and future tense by young people.D.A pattern in confident people“s use of pronouns.(5).Why is the author skeptical of the data revolution?（分数：4.00）A.Data may not be easily accessible.B.Errors may occur with large data samples.C.Data
28、cannot always do what we imagine it can.D.Some data may turn out to be out-dated.It is easy to miss amid the day-to-day headlines of global economic recession, but there is a less conspicuous kind of social upheaval (剧变) underway that is fast altering both the face of the planet and the way human be
29、ings live. That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. In 2008, for the first time in human history, more than half the world“s population was living in towns and cities. And as a recently published paper shows, the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the densely to comewith a
30、n enormous impact on biodiversity and potentially on climate change. As Karen Seto, the lead author of the paper, points out, the wave of urbanization isn“t just about the migration of people into urban environments, but about the environments themselves becoming bigger to accommodate all those peop
31、le. The rapid expansion of urban areas will have a huge impact on biodiversity hotspots and on carbon emissions in those urban areas. Humans are the ultimate invasive specieswhen they move into new territory, they often dis-place the wildlife that was already living there. And as land is cleared for
32、 those new citiesespecially in the dense tropical forestscarbon will be released into the atmosphere as well. It“s true that as people in developing nations move from the countryside to the city, the shift may reduce the pressure on land, which could in turn be good for the environment. This is espe
33、cially so in desperately poor countries, where residents in the countryside slash and bum forests each growing season to clear space for fanning. But the real difference is that in developing nations, the move from rural areas to cities often leads to an accompanying increase in incomeand that incre
34、ase leads to an increase in the consumption of food and energy, which in turn causes a rise in carbon emissions. Getting enough to eat and enjoying the safety and comfort of living fully on the grid is certainly a good thingbut it does carry an environmental price. The urbanization wave can“t be sto
35、ppedand it shouldn“t be. But Seto“s paper does underscore the importance of managing that transition. If we do it the right way, we can reduce urbanization“s impacts on the environment. “There“s an enormous opportunity here, and a lot of pressure and responsibility to think about how we urbanize,“ s
36、ays Seto. “The one thing that“s clear is that we can“t build cities the way we have over the last couple of hundred years. The scale of this transition won“t allow that.“ We“re headed towards an urban planet no matter what, but whether it becomes heaven or hell is up to us.（分数：20.00）(1).What issue d
37、oes the author try to draw people“s attention to?（分数：4.00）A.The shaking biodiversity worldwide.B.The rapid increase of world population.C.The ongoing global economic recession.D.The impact of accelerating urbanization.(2).In what sense are humans the ultimate invasive species?（分数：4.00）A.They are muc
38、h greedier than other species.B.They are a unique species born to conquer.C.They force other species out of their territories.D.They have an urge to expand their living space.(3).In what way is urbanization in poor countries good for the environment?（分数：4.00）A.More land will be preserved for wildlif
39、e.B.The pressure on farmland will be lessened.C.Carbon emissions will be considerably reduced.D.Natural resources will be used more effectively.(4).What does the author say about living comfortably in the city?（分数：4.00）A.It incurs a high environmental price.B.It brings poverty and insecurity to an e
40、nd.C.It causes a big change in people“s lifestyle.D.It narrows the gap between city and country.(5).What can be done to minimize the negative impact of urbanization according to Seto?（分数：4.00）A.Slowing down the speed of transition.B.Innovative use of advanced technology.C.Appropriate management of t
41、he process.D.Enhancing people“s sense of responsibility.When Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched the face-book, corn in Feb. 2004, even he could not imagine the forces it would let loose. His intent was to connect college students. Face-book, which is what this website rapidly evolved into, end
42、ed up connecting the world. To the children of this connected era, the world is one giant social network. They are not boundas were previous generations of humansby what they were taught. They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was local. You learned
43、 every-thing you knew from your parents, teachers, preachers and friends. With the high-quality and timely information at their fingertips, today“s children are rising above the fears and biases of their parents. Adults are also participating in this revolution. India“s normally tame middle class is
44、 speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. Political leaders are marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes, All of this is being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors set
45、free. As does every advancing technology, social media has created many new problems. It is commonly addictive and creates risks for younger users. Social media is used by extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to seek and brainwash recruits. And it exposes us and our friends to disagreeable sp
46、ying, we may leave our lights on in the house when we are on vacation, but through social media we tell criminals exactly where we are, when we plan to return home, and how to blackmail(敲诈)us. Governments don“t need informers any more. Social media allows government agencies to spy on their own citi
47、zens. We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes on Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences, and plans. We post intimate photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organization could actively gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them. The markete
48、rs are also seeing big opportunities. Amazon is trying to predict what we will order. Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media profiles. We need to be aware of the risks and keep working to alleviate the dangers. Regardless of what social media people useone thing is c
49、ertain: we are in a period of accelerating change. The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable than the last. Just as no one could predict what would happen with social media in the last decade, no one can accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am optimistic, however, that a connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself.（分数：20.00）(1).What was the purpose of Facebook when it was first created?（分数：4.00）A.To help students connect with the outside world.B.To bring university students into closer contact.C.To help students learn to live in a connec
