1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 355 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Why India Is Poor and Corrupt While Japan Is Rich and CleanA. In the Far East, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japanall relying extensively on private marketsare thriving. Their people are full of hope
2、. By contrast, India, Indonesia, and Communist China, all relying heavily on central planning, have experienced economic stagnation and political repression. B. An especially illuminating example, worth examining in greater detail, is the contrast between the experiences of India and JapanIndia duri
3、ng the first 30 years after it achieved independence in 1947, and Japan during the first 30 years after the Meiji Restoration in 1867. Economists and social scientists in general can seldom conduct controlled experiments of the kind that are so important in testing hypotheses in the physical science
4、s. However, experience has here produced something very close to a controlled experiment that we can use to test the importance of the difference in methods of economic organization. C. Both were countries with ancient civilizations and a sophisticated culture. Each had a highly structured populatio
5、n. Japan had a feudal structure; India had a rigid caste system. Both countries experienced a major political, economic and social change. In both countries a group of able, dedicated leaders took power. They were imbued with national pride and determined to convert economic stagnation into rapid gr
6、owth, to transform their countries into great powers. D. Almost all differences favoured India rather than Japan. The prior rules of Japan had enforced almost complete isolation from the rest of the world. International trade and contact was limited to one visit from one Dutch ship a year. Three or
7、more centuries of enforced isolation had left Japan ignorant of the outside world, far behind the West in science and technology. E. India was much more fortunate. It had enjoyed substantial economic growth before World War I. That growth was converted into stagnation between the two world wars, but
8、 was not reversed. Improvements in transportation had ended the famines that had earlier been a recurrent curse. Many of its leaders had been educated in advanced countries, particularly in Great Britain. British rule left it with a highly skilled and trained civil service, modern factories, and an
9、excellent railroad system. None of these existed in Japan in 1867. India“s physical resources, too, were far superior to Japan“s. India is nearly nine times as large as Japan, and a much larger percentage of its area consists of relatively level and accessible land. Japan is mostly mountainous. F. F
10、inally, Japan was on its own. No foreign capital was invested in Japan. India fared far better. Since it achieved independence in 1947, it has received an enormous volume of resources from the rest of the world, mostly as gifts. The flow continues today. G. Despite the similar circumstances of Japan
11、 in 1867 and India in 1947, the outcome was vastly different. Japan dismantled its feudal structure and extended social and economic opportunity to all its citizens. The lot of the ordinary man improved rapidly. Japan became a power to be reckoned with. H. India paid lip service to the elimination o
12、f caste barriers yet made little progress in practice. Differences in income and wealth grew wider. Population exploded, as it did in Japan, but economic output per capita did not. India prided itself on being the largest democracy in the world, but it lapsed for a time into a dictatorship that rest
13、ricted freedom of speech and press. I. What explains the difference in results? Many observers point to different social institutions and human characteristics. Religious taboos, the caste system, a fatalistic philosophyall these are said to imprison the inhabitants of India. By contrast, the Japane
14、se are lauded as hardworking, energetic, eager to respond to influences from abroad, and incredibly ingenious at adapting what they learn from outside to their own needs. J. This description of the Japanese may be accurate today. It was not in 1867. An early foreign resident in Japan wrote: “Wealthy
15、 we do not think it Japan will ever become. The advantages conferred by Nature, with exception of the climate, and the love of indolence and pleasure of the people themselves forbid it.“ K. Similarly, the description of the Indians may be accurate today for some Indians, but it certainly is not accu
16、rate for Indians who have migrated elsewhere. In many continents, Indians are successful entrepreneurs, sometimes constituting the mainstay of the entrepreneurial class. They have often been the dynamo initiating and promoting economic progress. L. In any event, economic and social progress does not
17、 depend on the attributes or behaviour of the masses. In every country a tiny minority sets the pace, determines the course of events. In the countries that have developed most rapidly and successfully, a minority of enterprising and risk-taking individuals have forged ahead, created opportunities f
18、or imitators to follow, have enabled the majority to increase their productivity. M. The characteristics of the Indians that so many outside observers deplore reflect rather than cause the lack of progress. Sloth and lack of enterprise flourish when hard work and the taking of risks are not rewarded
19、. A fatalistic philosophy is an accommodation to stagnation. India has no shortage of people with the qualities that could spark and fuel the same kind of economic development that Japan experienced after 1867, or even that Germany and Japan did after World War . Indeed, the real tragedy of India is
20、 that it remains a subcontinent teeming with desperately poor people when it could, we believe, be a flourishing, vigorous, increasingly prosperous and free society. N. What then accounts for the different experiences of Japan from 1867 to 1897 and of India from 1947 to date? We believe that the exp
21、lanation is the same as for the difference between West and East Germany, Israel and Egypt, Taiwan and Red China. O. Japan relied primarily on voluntary cooperation and free marketson the model of the Britain of its laissez-faire time. India relied on central economic planningon the model of the Bri
22、tain of post-WWII. The Meiji government at no time did it try to control the total amount or direction of investment or the structure of output. P. India is following a very different policy. Its leaders regard capitalism as synonymous with imperialism, to be avoided at all costs. They embarked on a
23、 series of Soviet-type five-year plans that outlined detailed programs of investment. Some areas of production are reserved to government; in others private films are permitted to operate, but only in conformity with The Plan. Q. Tariffs and quotas control imports, subsidies control exports. Needles
24、s to say, these measures produce shortages of foreign exchange. These are met by detailed and extensive foreign exchange controla major source both of inefficiency and of special privilege. Wages and prices are controlled. A government permit is required to build a factory or to make any other inves
25、tment. Taxes are ubiquitous, highly graduated on paper, evaded in practice. Smuggling, black markets, illegal transactions of all kinds are every bit as ubiquitous as taxes. R. Reliance on the market in Japan released hidden and unsuspected resources of energy and ingenuity. It prevented vested inte
26、rests from blocking change. It forced development to conform to the harsh test of efficiency. Reliance on government controls in India frustrates initiative or diverts it into wasteful channels. It protects vested interests from the forces of change. It substitutes bureaucratic approval for market e
27、fficiency as the criterion of survival.（分数：20.00）(1).Since 1947, many countries have invested in India, so it is with today.（分数：2.00）(2).The leaders of India don“t call for capitalism for they believe that it is similar to imperialism.（分数：2.00）(3).Japanese are more ingenious than Indians because tha
28、t Japan is open-minded and has no so many limits.（分数：2.00）(4).In India, there is a rigorous hierarchy among people that belong to different classes.（分数：2.00）(5).India took example by British rule, including a highly skilled and trained civil service, modern factories, and an excellent railroad syste
29、m.（分数：2.00）(6).For every country and in any time, a minority of outstanding individuals can exert great influence on the majority, and then determine the pace of the country.（分数：2.00）(7).India imposed itself as the largest democratic country in the world, but the reality is to the contrary for a tim
30、e.（分数：2.00）(8).The model of private markets can bring hope to people, while central planning may cause some problems in economical or political field.（分数：2.00）(9).Japan adopted the model of the Britain of its laissez-faire time, which covers voluntary cooperation and free markets.（分数：2.00）(10).Japan
31、“s isolation policy has made it know nothing about other countries for three hundred or more years.（分数：2.00）Wireless Charging May Take Place of Wired ChargingA. Last month, it was revealed that Toyota had plans to release a plug-in electric Prius in 2016 that needed no plug at all to recharge, thank
32、s to wireless technology from a U.S. company called WiTricity. The next day, Intel announced plans to release a completely wire-free personal computer by 2016no power cord, no monitor cable, nothing. Nine days later, Starbucks announced that it would begin installing Duracell Powermat wireless charg
33、ing pads in tables and counters in its stores across the United States. B. For wireless charging technology, the news headlines in June were, well, rather electric. (This is the part where you groan.) Look more closely, though, and you“ll notice that wireless charging tech is poised to break through
34、 in the next few years, dramatically changing our relationship with our increasingly mobile, but still tethered, electronic devices. Thoratec, a healthcare company, is working with WiTricity on a wireless way to charge heart pumps and other medical equipment. Lockheed Martin, the aerospace and defen
35、se giant, is working on a laser-based system to recharge drones in mid-flight. The list goes on. C. The wireless power market is expected to explode from a $216 million in 2013 to $8.5 billion in 2018 globally, according to IHS Technology, a market research firm. Why, then, are most of us still wres
36、tling with a pile of cords at home? “The reality is that the overall wireless charging market for consumer electronics is in the very early stages,“ says Kamil Grajski, vice president of engineering at Qualcomm and the founding president of the Alliance for Wireless Power, or A4WP for short, one of
37、three groups working on the development of wireless charging technologies. D. Induction, the technology behind wireless charging, isn“t newit“s been around for well over a hundred years. Here“s how it works: an induction coil creates an electromagnetic field (on a charging dock of some kind) that co
38、mes in contact with another induction coil (attached to the device to be charged), transferring electricity to it. It“s the same process used to juice up your electric toothbrush in its charging stand, Grajski says. E. But induction technology has limitations that have limited its mainstream appeal.
39、 It only allows for a single device to be charged per coil, making it clunky and relatively inefficient in today“s multi-device world, and it requires precise placement of the device to be charged so that the coils are aligned in order to initiate and sustain the charging process. F. Proponents of i
40、nductive technology like Ran Poliakine, chief executive of Powermat, believe the key to increasing adoption of wireless charging lies not in figuring out the fastest or most efficient connection, but in making the technology available to people where they need it most. “The issue we are trying to ad
41、dress is how we keep consumers charged throughout the day,“ he says. “The barrier to entry was relevancy. Where do we put the charging spots?“ He added: “The place you mostly need this service is outside your home and your office.“ G. He has a point. Placing charging stations in Starbucks locations
42、is one way to do that, saving customers from the inevitable outlet search that comes with a drawn-out session at the cafe. Placement in airports and hotels, also in the works at Powermat, are two more ways. (One thing people may not know about Powermat“s charging stations: when used in conjunction w
43、ith a cloud-based management system the company provides, a retailer can monitor who is at which station and for how long. Which means Starbucks could either give you the boot for squatting for six hours or beam you a coupon for a free refill to keep you there.) H. Another reason for the technology“
44、s slow adoption? A good old-fashioned standards war between industry groups. The Power Matters Alliance, or PMA, backs one type of induction standard and counts Duracell, Procter this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. G. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes
45、. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up? H. The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the grow
46、th in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often th
47、e main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use. I. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, th
48、e costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal“s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying t
49、o ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term. J. In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d“Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors. K. Many of the Arctic tourist destinati
