1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）-试卷 213及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)1.Part III Reading Comprehension_2.Section A_Drought, tsunami, violent crime, financial meltdownthe world is full of risks. The poor are often most 1to their effects. Instead of 2responding to crises, aid workers an
2、d policymakers should anticipate and help to guard against such rare and 3disastrous events. After the world suffered major crises in 2008, the concept of risk management has gained 4in international development. The links between risk, livelihoods and poverty are all too clear. Mounting evidence sh
3、ows that 5shocksabove all, health and weather shocks and economic crisesplay a major role in pushing households below the poverty line and keeping them there. But forward-thinking interventions can help 6the costs of future shocks. Bangladesh offers a good example. In 1970, a large typhoon caused 30
4、0,000 deaths in Bangladesh. In 2007, a typhoon of the same 7and strength caused only 4,000 deaths. The reason for the change was that the country had built a number of shelters. It went from having only 12 shelters in 1970 to having 2,500 in 2007. It also had a system of warning the population and a
5、 system of 8these events. But risk management isnt just about lessening the effects of crises; it can also help people get ahead. Farmers in Ghana and India who had access to rainfall insurance were more likely to 9in fertilizer, seeds, and other farming inputs, the report said, instead of sitting o
6、n their money to guard against potential future shocks. Several recent studies have predicted that extreme events will become more common. If we fail to anticipate and plan for those events, then we could 10giving up many of the development gains made over the past few decades. A)forecasting B)promi
7、nence C)optimum D)vulnerable E)guidelines F)motivate G)simply H)risk I)adverse J)invest K)offset L)paralyzing M)potentially N)primarily O)characteristics（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_4.Section B_Secret E-Scores AAmericans are obsessed with their scor
8、es. Credit scores, G.P.A.s, SATs, blood pressure and cholesterol(胆固醇)levelsyou name it. So heres a new score to obsess about: the e-score, an online calculation that is assuming an increasingly important, and controversial, role in e-commerce. BThese digital scores, known broadly as consumer valuati
9、on or buying-power scores, measure our potential value as customers. Whats your e-score? Youll probably never know. Thats because they are largely invisible to the public. But they are highly valuable to companies that wantor in some cases, dont wantto have you as their customer. COnline consumer sc
10、ores are calculated by a handful of start-ups, as well as a few financial services, that specialize in the flourishing field of predictive consumer analytics. It is a Google like business, one fueled by almost unimaginable amounts of data and powered by complex computer algorithms(算法). The result is
11、 a private, digital ranking of American society unlike anything that has come before. A company, called eBureau, develops eScoresits name for custom scoring algorithmsto predict whether someone is likely to become a customer. Gordy Meyer, the founder and chief executive, says his system needs less t
12、han a second to size up a consumer and to transmit his or her score to an eBureau client. DIts true that credit scores, based on personal credit reports, have been around for decades. And direct marketing companies have long ranked consumers by their socioeconomic status. But e-scores go further. Th
13、ey can take into account facts like occupation, salary and home value to spending on luxury goods or pet food, and do it all with algorithms that their creators say accurately predict spending. EA growing number of companies, including banks, credit and debit card(借记卡)providers, insurers and online
14、educational institutions are using these scores to choose whom to persuade on the Web. These scores can determine whether someone deserves a super credit card or a plain one, a full-service cable plan or none at all. They can determine whether a customer is routed promptly to an attentive service ag
15、ent or moved to an overflow call center. FFederal regulators and consumer advocates worry that these scores could eventually put some consumers at a disadvantage, particularly those under financial stress. In effect, they say, the scores could create a new subprime class: people who are bypassed by
16、companies online without even knowing it. Financial institutions, in particular, might avoid people with low scores, reducing those peoples access to home loans, credit cards and insurance. G“The scoring is a tool to enable financial institutions to make decisions about financing based on unconventi
17、onal methods,“ says David Vladeck, the director of the bureau of consumer protection at the Federal Trade Commission. “We are troubled by these practices.“ HFederal law governs the use of old-fashioned credit scores. Companies must have a legally permissible purpose before checking consumers credit
18、reports and must alert them if they are denied credit or insurance based on information in those reports. But the law does not extend to the new valuation scores because they are derived from nontraditional data and promoted for marketing. Ed Mierzwinski, consumer program director at the United Stat
19、es Public Interest Research Group in Washington, worries that federal laws havent kept pace with change in the digital age. I“Theres a nontransparent scoring system that collects information about you to generate a score and what your score is results in the offers you get on the Internet,“ he says.
20、 “In most cases, you dont know who is collecting the information, you dont know what predictions they have made about you, or the potential for being denied choice or paying too much.“ JHeres how e-scores work: A client submits a data set containing names of tens of thousands of sales leads(线索)it ha
21、s already bought, along with the names of leads who went on to become customers. EBureau then adds several thousand detailslike age, income, occupation, property value, length of residence and retail historyfrom its databases to each customer profile. From those raw data points, the system calculate
22、s up to 50,000 additional variables per person. Then it searches thoroughly all that data for the rare common factors among the existing customer base. The result scores prospective customers based on their resemblance to previous customers. KE-scores might range from 0 to 99, with 99 indicating a c
23、onsumer who is a likely return on investment and 0 indicating an unprofitable one. But in some industries, “knowing the bottom is more important than knowing the top,“ Mr. Meyer says. In online education, for instance, e-scores help schools distinguish prospective students who are not worth the inve
24、stment of expensive course catalogs or attentive follow-up callslike people who use fake names or adopt the identities of relatives. “If we can find 25 percent who have zero chance of enrolling, we can say dont waste your money on them,“ he says. EBureau charges clients 3 to 75 cents a score, depend
25、ing on the industry and the volume of leads. Such scores increase the accuracy and speed with which companies can identify potential customers, says Mr. Weintraub of the LeadsCon conference. “Scores tell you this person might actually qualify, so lets focus on them, “ he says. “This way you are not
26、focusing on people who really cant qualify.“ LMost people never see their value scores. But some services openly discuss how their measurements work. A case study on the eBureau site, for example, describes how the company ranked prospective customers for a national prepaid debit card issuer, assign
27、ing each a score of 0 to 998. People who scored above 950 were considered likely to become highly profitable customers, generating revenue over six months of an estimated $213 per card. Those who scored less than 550 were predicted to be unprofitable clients, with estimated revenue of $74 or less. W
28、ith eBureaus system, the card issuer could identify and court the high scorers while avoiding low scorers. MFor companies, this kind of scoring clearly increases the speed and reduces the cost of acquiring customers. But consumers are paying a heavy price for that increased corporate efficiency, pub
29、lic interests advocates say. The digital scores create a two-tiered system that invisibly prioritizes some online users for credit and insurance offers while denying the same opportunities to others, says Mr. Mierzwinski of the Public Interest Research Group. NMr. Meyer and other eBureau executives
30、disagree, saying the concerns are misplaced. EBureau, Mr. Meyer says, went to great lengths to build a system with both regulatory requirements and consumer privacy in mind. The company, he says, has put firewalls in place to separate databases containing federally regulated data, like credit or deb
31、t information used for purposes like risk management, from databases about consumers used to generate scores for marketing purposes. OHe adds that eBureaus clients use the scores only to narrow their field of prospective customers not for the purposes of approving people for credit, loans or insuran
32、ce. Moreover, he says, the company does not sell consumer data to others, nor does it retain the scores it transmits to clients. “We are an evaluator,“ Mr. Meyer says. “We are trying to stay away from being intrusive to the consumer.“ PIts just another sign of the rise of what might be called the Sc
33、ored Society. Google ranks our search results by our location and search history. Facebook scores us based on our online activities. Klout scores us by how many followers we have on Twitter, among other things. And now e-scores rank our potential value to companies.（分数：20.00）(1).An executive of eBur
34、eau claims that the company keeps the federally regulated data apart from those used to produce e-scores for marketing purposes.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Federal regulators and consumer advocates share concerns that e-scores may negatively affect some consumers who are deliberately neglected by online com
35、panies.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).The e-score is a type of digital score which measures a consumers buying power.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).The amount of fees eBureau asks for ranges from three to seventy-five cents per score.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).The e-score is just another indication of the rising Scored Society.
36、（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).E-scores do much more than evaluate consumers socioeconomic status.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).According to a staff member of eBureau, the company neither sells consumer data nor keeps the e-scores sent to its clients.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(8).EBureau cites the example of scoring potential cus
37、tomers for a prepaid debit card issuer to prove that its e-score measurement works.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).The calculation of the e-score involves a large quantity of data and relies on computers.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).There is no existing federal law that governs the use of e-scores.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_5.Sec
38、tion C_Offering a gift can be a mutual pleasure; some might say it should be a pleasure for giver and recipient. A problem with a modern commercial Christmas, however, is that buying gifts can become a chore. Often it is a stress ridden chore in the dying days before Christmas Day, as everything get
39、s left to the last minute. Why not make this next Christmas a time to make the choosing of individual gifts a pleasure for yourself, and for the recipient? Often in the last minute haste to buy gifts in time for Christmas Day, people become detached from not only the purpose, but the person to whom
40、they are giving. Bought hastily in a crowded stress filled store, scarcely a thought may pass for the individual on the receiving end, however close they may be to you. Most of the year, if not all, can be filled with work, commuting, rushing here and there, stress, and self focus. How about time an
41、d attention for those who really matter in your life, whether spouse, offspring, other relatives, friends or colleagues? The choosing of a gift, and presentation of it, can be a silent way of giving each of them special attention, and then culminating with their pleasure at the receipt of the gift.
42、Behind every good present there is a person who worked hard to make the best choice. The secret to buying the perfect gift is to think about the message you want to send out, when the receiver opens it. If you think about his or her hobbies, to his or her vacation plans etc., it means you have reall
43、y studied that person and you bought the present precisely for them, for that occasion; in this case, Christmas. Friendship and caring are themselves a gift, so you can see that if you put some real selfless effort into choosing gifts, the value of the gift is magnified. That is something which will
44、 shine through the wrapping paper, and in the moment of giving the pleasure that you feel in making the gesture will radiate in the warmth of your expression. The choosing and the giving of a gift are inseparable.（分数：10.00）(1).What makes buying gifts for Christmas become a chore?（分数：2.00）A.The press
45、ure of the holiday.B.The lack of time for shopping.C.The increasing variety of gifts.D.The commercialization of the holiday.(2).When buying gifts in the last minute, people tend to be concerned about_.（分数：2.00）A.choosing individual gifts for the recipientsB.what is the more suitable gift for a holid
46、ayC.getting a gift for everyoneD.to whom they send the gift(3).A perfect gift differs from other gifts in their_.（分数：2.00）A.usefulnessB.meaningfulnessC.exquisitenessD.artistry(4).The “gesture“(Line 3, Para. 5)most probably refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.giving the gift to the recipientB.choosing a gift with
47、selfless effortC.wrapping the gift before sending itD.showing your concern to the recipient(5).In this passage, the author is most likely to point out_.（分数：2.00）A.the best way of choosing and giving the right giftsB.the importance of thoughtfulness in choosing a giftC.that ones love for others can best be demonstrated by giftsD.that offering a gift benefits both the giver and the receiverDuring the next sev
