1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）-试卷 223及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Part III Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Section C（分数：10.00）_As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. Thats partially because it appears people wh
2、o set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals. Whats far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting. Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and do
3、wn both Wall Street and Main Street , yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis , and unethical(不道德的) behavior in general. “Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial eff
4、ects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,“ says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penns Wharton School. “It turns out theres no economic benefit to just
5、 having a goalyou just get a psychological benefit“ Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.“ A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motiv
6、ate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable. Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota o
7、n its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis. Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken iss
8、ue with his teams use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed. In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“ Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more th
9、an an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose. “ But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence“ linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be s
10、o large that they outweigh many positive effects,“ he says. “Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm t
11、he organization,“ Schweitzer says.（分数：10.00）(1).What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?（分数：2.00）A.Its negative effects have long been neglected.B.The goal increase peoples work efficiency.C.Its role has been largely underestimated.D.The goals most people set are unrealistic.(2
12、).What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?（分数：2.00）A.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.B.Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.C.Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.D.Goals w
13、ith financial rewards have strong motivational power.(3).How did Sears goal-setting affect its employees?（分数：2.00）A.They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.B.They competed with one another to attract more customers.C.They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.
14、D.They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.(4).What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzers research?（分数：2.00）A.Its findings are not of much practical value.B.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.C.Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.D.It
15、runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.(5).What is Schweitzers contention against Edwin Locke?（分数：2.00）A.The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.B.Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.C.The positive effects of goal-setting out
16、weigh its negative effects.D.Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the Wests overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) na
17、tions learn from a flourishing Asia? Just a few decades ago, Asias two giants were stagnating (停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened
18、 up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government“. Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each g
19、one ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of governmentfollowing Ronald Regans idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. “ Of
20、course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “ big government“. If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that
21、 the Americas problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the countrys huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America fro
22、m its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own att
23、achment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American public-policy schools; that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fisc
24、al (财政的) policies as a result. Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europe
25、ans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $ 580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the blocs larger problem.（分数：10.00）(1).What has contributed to the rapid econom
26、ic growth in China and India?（分数：2.00）A.Copying western-style economic behavior.B.Heavy reliance on the hand of government.C.Timely reform of government at all levels.D.Free market plus government intervention.(2).What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem“ (Line 5, Para. 3) ?
27、（分数：2.00）A.Many social evils are caused by wrong government policies.B.Many social problems arise from governments inefficiency.C.Government action is key to solving economic problems.D.Government regulation hinders economic development.(3).What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?（
28、分数：2.00）A.Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market.B.Cooperation between the government and businesses.C.Abandonment of big government by the public.D.Effective measures adopted by the government.(4).What is the authors suggestion to the American public in face of the public government d
29、eficit?（分数：2.00）A.They urge the government to revise its existing public policies.B.They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.C.They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.D.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.(5).Whats the problem
30、with the European Union?（分数：2.00）A.Conservative ideology.B.Shrinking market.C.Lack of resources.D.Excessive borrowing.Whats the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil? How about trade?When the Commerce Department reported last wee
31、k that the trade deficit in June approached $ 50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $ 200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances conti
32、nue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth. But theres another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recessiona renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United Statesbut an
33、economic expansion. The rising volume of trademore goods and services shuttling in and out of the United Stateis good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics(物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers sig
34、nify growing vitality in foreign marketswhen we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U. S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work
35、in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the priceagricultural goods, mining, metals, oil. And while exports always seem to lag, U. S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells
36、 as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GMs balance sheetand hence makes the jobs of U. S. -based executives more stable. One great challenge for the U. S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving
37、more, and spending more carefully. Thats to be expected, given what weve been through. But theres a bigger challenge. Can U. S. -based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way
38、to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but its no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home. Companies and individuals who dont have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting
39、 themselves out of the lions share of economic opportunity in our world.（分数：10.00）(1).How do pessimists interpret the U. S. trade deficit in June?（分数：2.00）A.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.B.It reflects Americans preference for imported goods.C.It signifies a change in America
40、n economic structure.D.It is the result of Americas growing focus on domestic market.(2).What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?（分数：2.00）A.It indicates that economic activities in the U. S. have increased.B.It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.C.It sh
41、ows that U. S. economy is slipping further into recession.D.It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.(3).Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?（分数：2.00）A.People who have expertise in international trade.B.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.C.Cons
42、umers who favor imported goods and services.D.Retailers dealing in foreign goods and services.(4).What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?（分数：2.00）A.Decreasing productivity.B.Peoples reluctance to spend.C.Competition from overseas.D.Slack trade activities.(5).What is the authors ad
43、vice to U. S. companies and individuals?（分数：2.00）A.To import more cheap goods from developing countries.B.To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.C.To increase their market share overseas.D.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the U. K.s university sector
44、 is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services. Recently, the U. K. National Stem Cell Network warned the U. K. could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this con
45、cern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia
46、, Canada, U. S. A. and U. K. shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the U. K. now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of U. K. universities. Evidenc
47、e suggests the U. K. s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a fe
48、w perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders. This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the U. K. and is mirrored across other economies. In the U. K. , research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the in
49、stitutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between univ
