1、大学英语六级综合-阅读(一)及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、(一)(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)7 Little Tricks to Speak in Public with No FearThere was once a time when I had no fear. I was 11 years old and I entered a story telling competition. I was confidently telling the story and captured everyones att
2、ention until suddenly I heard a voice from just in front of the stage commenting about my nose. Its totally disastrous from that moment on. I lost focus and forgot the script altogether. Thats the exact time that I began to have a certain fear of public speaking.Over the years, I finally overcome my
3、 fear of public speaking. I can now speak at any function unprepared and even though the nervousness is still there, I am able to control it. It was not easy but I made it with some help from books and a few techniques I developed myself.Hopefully these tricks will be able to help you as they had he
4、lped me in overcoming fear of public speaking.1. Admit nervousnessAll you have to do is admit that you are a bit nervous speaking to your audience. When you do this, the audience will be more forgiving if your nervousness shows up later on. More importantly you will feel more relaxed now that they a
5、re not expecting a world-class presentation. Imagine their surprise when you gave them the best presentation ever despite your nervousness.The best way to do this is by joking about it. Heres an example of a good one. “On the way here, only God and I knew what I will be presenting. (looking a bit ne
6、rvous) Now, only God knows.“2. Redefine your audienceRedefine your audience generally means changing how you see your audience. Instead of seeing them as lecturers who are evaluating you, maybe you can convince yourself that they are all fellow students who are in queue to present after you. They ar
7、e all equally nervous so there is no reason why you should be too.Or perceive them as long lost friends that you havent seen for 10 years. This way you can maintain eye contact trying to figure out where you have seen him before. To the audiences, they will see a very friendly and personal presentat
8、ion.Do not try to convince yourself that they are babies in diapers or that nobody is around as suggested by some books. It is very hard to convince yourself that no one is around when you are actually speaking to them.3. Invest in visual aidsImagine a presentation with beautiful PowerPoint slides a
9、nd even more impressive notes given to each of your audience members. Half of the time, their eyes wiI1 not be on you. They will read through the notes and your fancy slides. This will help a lot as you can then speak to the people who are not looking at you. When they look at you, you just change y
10、our focus to other people who are not looking. Giving a speech to people who are not looking at you is always easier.4. Make mistakes intentionallyThis is another trick I encourage you to try. Once I “accidentally“ dropped my notes on the floor, and while picking them up, I warned the audiences that
11、 the presentation will be more confusing after this. I heard some laughter from the floor.The idea is to gain control of your audience. If you can make them laugh and be more interactive with you, your presentation will have that casual feel to it which will make it more memorable than others. Ultim
12、ately you will find it easier to do.5. Speak to one person at a timeOne of the most terrifying things about public speaking is the crowd. Just by looking at the crowd, all in silence just to hear you speak, will send shivers down your spine. To overcome this, you just need to speak to one person at
13、a time.Choose one member of your audience and dedicate your whole presentation to him or her. Just assume that everyone else is not paying attention. When someone asks you a question, change your focus to that person and answer the question as if the two of you are in a coffee shop chatting away. Is
14、nt that the most relaxing way to handle a crowd?6. Be impressive with personal opinionJust like blogging, everyone can copy an article and paste it onto their biog. However, people read blogs not only to know about things happening but to know what that particular bloggers opinion is on the matter.W
15、hen you speak or give a presentation, try to squeeze in a few of your personal thoughts on the matter. Of course these should be prepared early on. However, you should make it as if the ideas are “just in“ while you are presenting. That will differentiate your presentation from the rest, and when yo
16、u see the interested look on the faces of your audience, it will elevate your presentation to another new level, a level where you start having fun.7. Have fun experimentingThis is the most important tips of all. Have fun with the crowd. Try new ways to give the best presentation to your audience. M
17、aybe experiment with a new funny approach, or walk around the hall instead of being static on the stage. Have fun with experimenting on human behavior and you will see that public speaking is not that bad after all.Remember that there are no failures, only different results. Have fun!（分数：10.00）(1).W
18、hat mainly led to the authors failure in the competition?（分数：1.00）A.Too much focus from the audience.B.Interference from some noises.C.Negative comments on his nose.D.The distraction and the blank mind.(2).The author has come to conquer his fear of public speaking by _.（分数：1.00）A.making as much unpr
19、epared speech as possibleB.forgetting about his nervousnessC.tricks from books and personal experiencesD.asking for help from experts(3).In the example of admitting nervousness, by mentioning “only God knows“, the speaker intends to say “_“.（分数：1.00）A.God knows what my speech is aboutB.Ill share wit
20、h you something secretC.Ive no idea what to present todayD.the speech I prepared has escaped me(4).When you present, youd better imagine your audience are _.（分数：1.00）A.lecturers who are appraising youB.schoolfellows who are viewing and emulating youC.close friends who have been together for 10 years
21、D.innocent babies who know nothing(5).By seeing your audience as long-lost friends, you may _.（分数：1.00）A.feel familiar and relaxed when presentingB.have a strong desire to talk to themC.keep eye contact which brings them a cordial feelingD.figure out where you have met before(6).With some visual aid
22、s in your presentation, _.（分数：1.00）A.the audience will be more attentiveB.the audience will focus less attention on youC.your presentation will be more informativeD.you can choose not to look at your audience(7).With some intentional mistakes, your presentation may not become _.（分数：1.00）A.more confu
23、singB.more controllableC.more free-and-easyD.more memorable(8)._ is the key to overcome the fear of facing such a silent crowd.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).Some personal thoughts may make your presentation different and arouse the _ of the audience.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).The author encourages people to try var
24、ious approaches in the presentation and enjoy making tests and investigations on _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then
25、 remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would ha
26、ve to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government- funded research by restricting access to itis making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-ope
27、ration and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further th
28、an that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market i
29、s estimated at between $7 billion and $ 11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.Th
30、is is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access (开放式的) publ
31、ishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these th
32、ree, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.（分数：5.00
33、）(1).As the traditional process of journal publication goes, the researchers didnt possess the copyright and had to _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Nowadays, funding agencies suspect that commercial publishers are taking advantage of government-funded research to _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Whats the significance o
34、f online publication described in the OECD report?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4)._ can partly decide whether the knowledge is valuable and the public investment in research could make handsome profits.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).In a model of delayed open-access publishing, the journals are exclusively available to _
35、before open to everyone.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory
36、that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists(神经学家)had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind
37、s emotional thermostat (自动调温器), regulating moods while the brain is “off line“. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “Its your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwri
38、ght, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center, “if you dont like it, change it.“Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsb
39、urgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,
40、“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative
41、 feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious
42、 control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At
43、 the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic“, Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suffering from persistent n
44、ightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning.（分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams _.（分数：1.00）A.can be modified in their coursesB.are suscept
45、ible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _.（分数：1.00）A.its function in our dreamsB.the mechanism of REM sleepC.the relation of dreams to emotionsD.its difference from the
46、 prefrontal cortex(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _.（分数：1.00）A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till the time we fall asleepD.show up in dreams early at night(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that _.（分数：1.00）A.waking up in time is essenti
47、al to the ridding of bad dreamsB.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progressionD.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：1.00）A.Lead your life as usu
48、al.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious control.D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even
49、 be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as w
