1、大学英语六级综合-阅读(十八)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Victoria Barzilai opened her mouth wide so the doctor could look at her sore throat. Not (1) a remarkable event, except that Victoria was at home and the doctor was h
2、undreds of miles away. Feeling too sick to (2) herself to the school health center, the third-year university student had chosen a cyber-doctor visit, the 21st century (3) of a house call.A number of websites offer face-to-face consultations of the (4) visit to anyone with a credit card and access t
3、o a webcam-equipped computer. The services are intended for patients with (5) minor problems that dont require hands-on diagnoses or treatments, not for people who need stitches, MRIs or casts on broken limbs.One presumed strong advantage of e-visits like these is (6) . That counted with Victoria wh
4、o points out that “My doctor is at least an hour away, and besides, I didnt know when I could get in to see him.“ Victoria used MedCareL, which offers California (7) no-wait consultations with healthcare professionals from 9 a.m. to midnight every day. Other sites, such as Teladoc and MeMD, offer co
5、nsultations 24/7. Some e-visit sites ask for consultation fees. Others (8) different rates for different services.Although MedCareL does not (9) with any insurance companies, co-founders Dr. David Tashman and Sigi Marmorstein set out to make their service a good dealfor people who have insurance and
6、 people who dont. “We set our price point at 45 for a reason,“ Tashman says. “Most co-pays by insurance companies run from 30 to 50.“We want to help people stay away from the emergency room and (10) care,“ Marmorstein adds. “We want to save people money.“A. urgent B. credible C. contract D. exactly
7、E. relativelyF. version G. criticism H. charge I. dazzle J. convenienceK. drag L. dedicate M. residents N. deliberately O. virtual（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A new study finds that even mild stress can affect your abili
8、ty to control your emotions. A team of neuroscientists at New York University say that their findings suggest that certain (1) that teach people how to better control their emotionssuch as those used to treat social anxiety and phobiasmay not work as well during stressful situations.“We have long su
9、spected that stress can (2) our ability to control our emotions, but this is the first study to document how even mild stress can undercut therapies designed to keep our emotions in (3) ,“ said senior author and psychology professor Elizabeth Phelps. “In other words, what you learn in the clinic may
10、 not be as (4) in the real world when youre stressed.“To help patients learn to (5) their emotional impairment, therapists sometimes use cognitive restructuring techniques encouraging patients to alter their thoughts or approach to a situation to change their emotional response. These might include
11、focusing on the positive or non-threatening aspects of an event or (7) that might normally produce fear.To test how these techniques hold up in real-life situations, the team (7) a group of 78 volunteers, who viewed pictures of snakes and spiders. Some of the pictures were paired with an electric sh
12、ock, and participants (8) developed a fear of these pictures. The subjects “reported more (9) feelings of fear when viewing the pictures, compared with when they viewed images not paired with a shock.“Next the participants were taught cognitive strategies, similar to those (10) by therapists and kno
13、wn as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to learn to diminish the fears brought on by the experiment.A. check B. regulate C. eventually D. consequences E. impairF. stimulus G. bleak H. enlisted I. relevant J. prescribedK. therapies L. confined M. incidentally N. intense O. breach（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填
14、空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_五、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Renewable EnergyAIn the past century, it has been seen that the consumption of non-renewable sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other human activity. Electricity
15、 generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This has in turn led to many problems being faced today such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution has also been a major problem.BTherefore, alternative sou
16、rces of energy have become very important and relevant to todays world. These sources, such as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They cause less emission and are available locally. Their use can, to a large extent, reduce chemical, radioactive, and thermal
17、pollution. They stand out as a viable source of clean and limitless energy. These are also known as non-conventional sources of energy. The following section outlines several different types of renewable energy.CSolar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It does not belong to anybo
18、dy and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.DSolar energy has been used since prehistoric times, but in a most primitive manner. Before 1970, some research and
19、 development was carried out in a few countries to exploit solar energy more efficiently, but most of this work remained mainly academic. After the dramatic rise in oil prices in the 1970s, several countries began to formulate extensive research and development programmes to exploit solar energy.EWh
20、en we hang out our clothes to dry in the sun, we use the energy of the sun. In the same way, solar panels absorb the energy of the sun to provide heat for cooking and for heating water. Such systems are available in the market and are being used in homes and factories. Solar energy can also be used
21、to meet our electricity requirements. Through Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) cells, solar radiation gets converted into DC electricity directly. This electricity can either be used as it is or can be stored in the battery. This stored electrical energy then can be used at night.FAnother type of renewable
22、energy is hydro power. It is one of the best, cheapest, and cleanest sources of energy, although, with big dams, there are many environmental and social problems. Small dams are, however, free from these problems. This is in fact one of the earliest known renewable energy sources, in the country (si
23、nce the beginning of the 20th century). In fact, for the last few hundred years, people living in the hills of the Himalayas have been using water mills, or chakki, to grind wheat. Besides being free from the problem of pollution, small hydropower plants are also free from issues and controversies t
24、hat are associated with the bigger projects, namely affecting the lives of thousands of people living along the banks of the rivers, destruction of large areas under forest, and seismological threats.GNew environmental laws affected by the danger of global warming have made energy from small hydropo
25、wer plants more relevant. These small hydropower plants can serve the energy needs of remote rural areas independently. The real challenge in a remote area lies in successful marketing of the energy and recovering the dues. Local industries should be encouraged to use this electricity for sustainabl
26、e development. It is a technology with enormous potential, which could exploit the water resources to supply energy to remote rural areas with little access to conventional energy sources. It also eliminates most of the negative environmental effects associated with large hydro projects.HThe sea cou
27、ld also provide immense powerthat is ocean thermal, tidal and wave energy. On an average, the 60 million square kilometre of the tropical seas absorb solar radiation equivalent to the heat content of 245 billion barrels of oil. Scientists feel that if this energy can be tapped a large source of ener
28、gy will be available to the tropical countries and to other countries as well. The process of harnessing this energy is called OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion). It uses the temperature differences between the surface of the ocean and the depths of about 1000m to operate a heat engine, which pr
29、oduces electric power.IEnergy is also obtained from waves and tides. In some countries such as Japan small scale power generators run by energy from waves of the ocean, have been used as power sources for channel marking buoys.JAnother renewable energy resource is biomass which is derived from the c
30、arbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including the by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major Darts of household waste and wood.KBiomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it a
31、bsorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment of power plants that are now burning fossil fuels. Biomass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide a
32、fter coal, oil and natural gas.LTraditional use of biomass is more than its use in modern application. In the developed world biomass is again becoming important for applications such as combined heat and power generation. In addition, biomass energy is gaining significance as a source of clean heat
33、 for domestic heating and community heating applications. In fact in countries like Finland, USA and Sweden the per capita biomass energy used is higher than it is in India, China or in Asia.MThe category of renewable energy should also include geothermal energy. We live between two great sources of
34、 energy, the hot rocks beneath the surface of the earth and the sun in the sky. Our ancestors knew the value of geothermal energy; they bathed and cooked in hot springs. Today we have recognized that this resource has potential for much broader application.NThe core of the earth is very hot and it i
35、s possible to make use of this geothermal energy (in Greek it means heat from the earth). These are areas where there are volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers, and methane under the water in the oceans and seas. In some countries, such as in the USA water is pumped from underground hot water deposits
36、 and used to heat peoples houses.OThe utilization of geothermal energy for the production of electricity dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. For 50 years the generation of electricity from geothermal energy was confined to Italy and interest in this technology was slow to spread e
37、lsewhere. In 1943 the use of geothermal hot water was pioneered in Iceland.PThe last type of energy involved here is co-generation. Co-generation is the concept of producing two forms of energy from one fuel. One of the forms of energy must always be heat and the other may be electricity or mechanic
38、al energy. In a conventional power plant, fuel is burnt in a boiler to generate high-pressure steam. This steam is used to drive a turbine, which in turn drives an alternator through a steam turbine to produce electric power. The exhaust steam is generally condensed to water which goes back to the b
39、oiler.QAs the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of heat which is lost in the process of condensing, the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around 35%. In a cogeneration plant, very high efficiency levels, in the range of 75%-90%, can be reached. This is so, because the low-pressure
40、 exhaust steam coming out of the turbine is not condensed, but used for heating purposes in factories or houses. Since co-generation can meet both power and heat needs, it has other advantages as well in the form of significant cost savings for the plant and reduction in emissions of pollutants due
41、to reduced fuel consumption.（分数：20.00）(1).In the early 20th century, people began to use geothermal energy to produce electricity.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).The sun and wind fall to the category of renewable energy because they are Inexhaustible.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).To utilize hydro power, building small da
42、ms is more feasible because small dams are free from many environmental and social problems.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Some countries began to be concerned about the exploitation of solar energy because of sharp rise in oil prices.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Biomass is more frequently applied in traditional way.（分
43、数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).Small hydropower plants are recommended to be used in remote rural areas where it is difficult to tap conventional energy sources.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).In the conventional power plants, a large quantum of heat is lost in the process of condensing the low-pressure steam.（分数：2.00）填空项 1
44、:_(8).Ocean thermal energy conversion can generate significant amounts of power from temperature differences of the ocean.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).Burning of fossil fuels produced harmful gases which damage the environment.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).In ancient times, people used geothermal energy by cooking in
45、 hot springs.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_七、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Making Robots More Like UsAOn a recent morning Natanel Dukan walked into the Paris offices of the French robot maker Aldebaran and noticed one of the companys humanoid (类人的) NAO robots sitting on a chair. Mr. Dukan, an electrical engineer, co
46、uld not resist. Bending over, he kissed the robot on the cheek. In response the NAO tilted its head and touched his cheek. It is certainly a very French application for a robot, but the intimate gesture by the 16,000, two-foot robot, now being used in academic research labs and robotic soccer league
47、s, also reflects a significant shift.BUntil recently, most robots were carefully separated from humans. They have largely been used in factories to perform repetitive tasks that required speed, precision and force. That generation of robots is dangerous, and they have been caged and fenced for the p
48、rotection of workers.CBut the industrial era of robotics is over. And robots are beginning to move around in the world. More and more, they are also beginning to imitateand look likehumans. And they are beginning to perform tasks as humans do, too. Many of the new generation of robots are tele-operated from a distance, but are increasin
