1、大学英语四级 178 及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of apology. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 给你的朋友 John 写一封信，说明由于你的疏忽把他借给你的书弄丢了你给他买了一本新的； 2. 表示真诚歉意； 3. 主动提出赔
2、偿。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Fish Oil Much has been made of the benefits of oil derived from fish. It is claimed that people with a diet rich in fish oil have a greatly reduced chance of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. In addition, it has been shown conclusively that peopl
3、e suffering from elevated blood lipids react positively to treatment using fish oils. limits Diet and Diseases The advantages of fish oil became apparent after studies some two decades ago of the diet of the Inuit, or Erkimo, populations of Greenland. It was found that the Inuit, with their traditio
4、nal diet of seal, whale and Arctic fish a diet very high in fat suffered practically no heart disease, had near zero incidence of diabetes, and enjoyed a comparatively low rate of rheumatoid arthritis. (Interestingly, incidence of cancer, equal to that found in most other parts of the world, appeare
5、d unaffected by the traditional Inuit diet.) Few Heart Attack Deaths Until the work of Dyberg and Bang in the 1970s, little attention was paid to the implications of a fish-rich diet, despite a centuries-old knowledge of Inuit customs. The two researchers noted that in one community of 1,800 people
6、there were only three heart attack deaths between 1950 and 1974. To understand why, they examined the Inuits blood lipids and diet. Omega-3 fatty acids featured strongly in the bloodstream of the research subjects, directly attributable to diet. A Comparison between the Inuits in Greenland and those
7、 in Denmark In order to rule out genetic or racial factors from their findings, Dyberg and Bang went on to compare the Greenland Inuit communities with those Inuit residing in Denmark who consumed a diet almost identical to that of the Danes. The Inuit in Denmark, particularly those who had been the
8、re for longer periods, were shown to have higher blood cholesterol levels and significantly higher serum triglyceride levels than their Greenland counterparts. In fact, the levels of the Westernized Inuits matched those of the Danes themselves, who consume mainly meat, milk products and eggs. As wou
9、ld be expected, levels of heart disease and arteriosclerosis of the Inuit well-established in Denmark were far closer to those of the Danes man those of the Greenland Inuit. The findings, according to the researchers, indicated an Omega-3 deficiency in the Danish diet compared with the Greenland die
10、t. Findings in Japan Similar findings come from Japan. A comparison of the diets of farmers and fishermen, together with an examination of health records and death rates of the two groups, has shown a link between the health of the human heart and fish oil. Whereas the average Japanese farmer has 90
11、 grams of fish a day, the average fisherman has 250 grams. In all other respects, their diets are similar. Correspondingly, fishermen have lower blood pressure and lower rates of heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. This compares with the 20 grams eaten daily by the average person in the US, wher
12、e rates of heart disease and arteriosclerosis are five to seven times higher than in Japan. Fish Oils Effects in the Treatment of Hyperlipidaemic Patients Its high Omerga-3 content and easy digestibility make fish oil particularly useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemic patients. Studies have sho
13、wn an inverse relationship between dosage of salmon oil and plasma triglyceride concentrations. Specifically, it has been found that the consumption of three grams of salmon oil per day by such patients reduces their plasma triglyceride levels some 32 per cent. For patients given six grams, the leve
14、ls fall by 41 per cent, and for those taking nine grams, concentrations dropped an average of 52 per cent. The table below gives the Omega-3 contents of several fish varieties as compared with a selection of vegetable-based oils and butterfat. （分数：71.00）(1).It is concluded that fish oils is effectiv
15、e in the treatment of elevated blood lipids.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Diabetes is rare among the Greenland Inuit.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).The Greenland Inuits rheumatoid arthritis levels are the lowest in the world.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Little was known about Inuit life in Greenland before the work of D
16、yberg and Bang.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Blood cholesterol levels of the Denmark Inuit were lower than those of the Danes.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Research in Japan generally supports the findings of Dyberg and Bang with regard to the effects of fish oil.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Greenland Inuit and Japanes
17、e fishermen consume similar amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The Danish Inuit consumes 1 almost identical to that of their Greenland counterparts.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).The average Americans rate of heart disease and arteriosclerosis are 1 higher than the Japanese.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(
18、10).It is found that consumption of nine grams of salmon oil per day can reduce the plasma triglyceride by 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He ate all the food.B.He cleaned the refrigerator.C.He worked day and night.D.He had a big lunch.A.Hes playing sports.B.Hes watching sp
19、orts games.C.Hes driving.D.Hes fighting.A.She didnt feel well.B.She went dancing earlier.C.She came down to go dancing.D.She got mad at the woman.A.$5.00B.$5.60C.$4.40D.$6.60A.In a shipping company office.B.In Professor Bensons office.C.In a publishers office.D.In a university store.A.They will have
20、 to take a different bus.B.The trip is too dangerous.C.They will have to wait.D.There is a problem with the bus.A.A secretary.B.A novelist.C.A newspaperman.D.A businessman.A.In New York.B.In Boston.C.In Michigan.D.In Washington.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Searching for reference material.B.Watching
21、 a film of the 1930s.C.Writing a course book.D.Looking for a job in a movie studio.A.Its too broad to cope with.B.Its a bit outdated.C.Its controversial.D.Its of little practical value.A.At the end of the online catalogue.B.At the Reference Desk.C.In The New York Times.D.In the Readers Guide to Peri
22、odical Literature.A.Exploring the web.B.Using the library.C.Searching the bookstore.D.Not given.A.To buy up-to-date written material.B.To take notes in the library.C.To settle in right now.D.To look at those specialist journals in the field.A.Lawyer and client.B.Teacher and student.C.Doctor and pati
23、ent.D.Librarian and student.A.Only half the worlds water can be used.B.The world population is increasing faster and faster.C.Half of the worlds water resources have been seriously polluted.D.Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.A.Be reduced to the minimum.B.Stimulate domestic
24、 demand.C.Reflect its real value.D.Take into account the occurrences of droughts.A.Build big lakes to store water.B.Construct big pumping stations.C.Build small and cheap irrigation systems.D.Channel water from nearby rivers to crop land.A.Guarantee full protection of the environment.B.Centralize th
25、e management of water resources.C.Increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels.D.Encourage local and regional control of water resources.A.Some pessimistic experts.B.Environmentalists.C.Some optimistic experts.D.All of the above.A.It will become smaller.B.It will become safer.C.It
26、will become more economical.D.It will become faster.A.The driver.B.The central computer.C.The car itself.D.The authority.A.Pet owners are less likely to suffer from heart disease than those who do not own pets.B.Pet owners are at a risk of getting the same type of disease their pets have.C.Pet owner
27、s have a tendency to be isolated from people around them.D.Pet owners gradually develop an affection towards their pets instead of their children.A.Blood levels.B.Living condition.C.Life style.D.Blood pressure.A.Different pets have different effects on peoples health.B.A new drug which can have the
28、same effect as pets is now available.C.Pets can make their owners psychologically healthy.D.A new breakthrough has been made in the control of heart disease.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The former football star, Diego Maradona, has admitted publicly for the first time that he used his hand to (36) 1 o
29、ne of the most controversial goals in the history of the international game. There has long been (37) 2 football rivalry between Argentina and England, but when the two teams met in the (38) 3 finals of the 1986 World Cup, the disputed goal became one of the most famous in the world. (39) 4the Engla
30、nd goalkeeper for the ball, the short and stocky Maradona raised his left arm into the air to (40) 5 the ball into the net. Television pictures and photographs (41) 6later, showed the goal to be illegal. Maradona claimed it was “the Hand of God“ which had guided the ball, not his own. Argentina went
31、 on to win 2-1 and (42) 7lift the World Cup. Since then the incident has irked English supporters, but (43) 8satisfaction to Argentine fans. (44) 9. Few will be angered (45) 10. The defeated England coach, Bobby Robson, (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1
32、:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. Cre
33、am and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsions tiny globules (小球) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. The difference lies in whats in the globules and whats in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehur
34、st, who led the investigation. In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. “This means that in cream, the bacteria are fr
35、ee to grow throughout the mixture,“ he says. When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (密封仓) buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients. They also slowly poison themselves with their waste
36、products. “In butter, you get a serf-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,“ says Brocklehurst. The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see ff their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the foods structure. Brocklehurst believes
37、 it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump. （分数：177.50）(1).The significance of Broaklehursts research is that _.（分数：35.50）A.it suggested a
38、 way to keep some foods fresh without preservativesB.it discovered tiny globules in both cream and butterC.it revealed the secret of how bacteria multiply in cream and butterD.it found that cream and butter share the same chemical composition(2).According to the researchers, cream sours faster than
39、butter because bacteria _.（分数：35.50）A.are more evenly distributed in creamB.multiply more easily in cream than in butterC.live on less fat in cream than in butterD.produce less waste in cream than in butter(3).According to Brocklehurst, we can keep cream fresh by _.（分数：35.50）A.removing its fatB.kill
40、ing the bacteriaC.reducing its water contentD.altering its structure(4).The word “colonies“ ( Line 2, Para. 4) refers to _.（分数：35.50）A.tiny globulesB.watery regionsC.bacteria communitiesD.little compartments(5).Commercial application of the research finding will be possible if salad cream can be mad
41、e resistant to bacterial attack _.（分数：35.50）A.by varying its chemical compositionB.by turning it into a solid lumpC.while keeping its structure unchangedD.while retaining its liquid form“Tearem apart! Kill the fool! Murder the referee (裁判) !“ These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting
42、 events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But lets not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义)
43、 may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent“ as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms. The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent“ is “adversary“; “enemy“; “one who opposes you
44、r interests.“ Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate ones intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. 1 recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a playe
45、rs request for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed, “Are they wet enough now?“ In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without consid
46、ering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponents intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does tha
47、t make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior. Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs, thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent“ with “associate“ cou
48、ld be an ideal way to start. The dictionary meaning of the term “associate“ is “colleague“; “friend“; “companion.“ Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate“ rather than “opponent.“ （分数：177.50）(1).Which of the following statements best expresses the authors view?（分数：35.50）A.Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.B.The words people use can influence their behavior.C.Unpleasant
