1、大学英语四级 190及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese)
2、below: 1目前社会上不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象? 2举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Absenteeism In Nursing: A Longitudinal Study Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism (矿工) in Australia has been put
3、 at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually. The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism. Nursing Absenteeism A preva
4、lent attitude amongst many nurses in the group selected for study was that there was NO reward or recognition for Not taking paid leave entitled to them in their employment conditions. Therefore, they believed they may as well take the days off-sick (病假) or otherwise. Similar attitudes have been Not
5、ed by James (1989), who Noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. Miller and Norton (1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 percent felt they should be rewarded for Not taking sick leave, because some employees always used their sick
6、 leave. Further, 67 per cent of nurses felt that administration was Not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees personal and social lives. Only 53 per cent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly. In another longitudinal study of nurses working
7、in two Canadian hospitals, Hackett, Bycio and Guion (1989) examined the reasons why nurses took absence from work. The most frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of frequency, were illness in family, family social function, work to do at home
8、, etc. Method In an attempt to reduce the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 Registered and Enrolled Nurses in the present study, and Prince William management introduced three different, yet potentially complementary, strategies over 18 months. Strategy 1: non-financial (material) incentives (激励)
9、 Within the established wage and salary system it was Not possible to use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives from local businesses, including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc. The nurses with the lowest absence rate wo
10、uld win the prize. Strategy 2: Flexible fair schedual Where possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of the needs of their hospitals. Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and counseling Each month, managers would analyze the pattern of absence of
11、 staff with excessive sick leave (greater than ten days per year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential voluntary absenteeism such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward(病房) nur
12、ses and then, as necessary, followed up by action. Results: Absence rates for die six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 per cent to 4.32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.96 per cent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However,
13、analyzing the absence rates on a year-to-year basis, the overall absence rate was 3.60 per cent in the first year and 3.43 per cent in the following year. This represents a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period
14、could Not be demonstrated. Discussion The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this program finally had to cease. There were mixed results across wards as well. (For example, i
15、n wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable. Over the time of the study, st
16、aff were given a larger degree of control in their duty arrangement. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy. Many of the nurses had Not realized the impact their behaviour was having o
17、n the organisation and their colleagues but mere were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was picking on them and this usually had a negative effect on managementemployee relationships. Conclusion Although there has been some decrease in absence rates, no single
18、strategy or combination of strategies has had a significant impact on absenteeism per se. In spite of the disappointing results, it is our contention that the strategies were Not in vain. A shared ownership of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving has facilitated improved coope
19、ration and communication between management and staff. It is our belief that this improvement alone, while Not obviously measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of absenteeism more effectively since this study. （分数：71.00）(1).The prince William Hospital has been tryi
20、ng to reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for many years.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as little sick leave as possible.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study believed mat management understood
21、 the effects that shift work had on them.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).The Canadian study found that “illness in the family“ was a greater cause of absenteeism than “work to do at home“.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Prince William Hospital found s
22、imilar results to the two 1989 studies.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The study at the prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism amongst 250 nurses.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The study at the Price William Hospital involved changes in management practices.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the
23、first strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism in different periods would win prizes donated by 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).In the second strategy, staff were given more control over their 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).The author of this essay concludes that the study in the Prince William Hospital has facili
24、tated improved cooperation and communication between 1 and 2.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Taking a photo.B.Playing a game.C.Riding a horse.D.Shooting a movie.A.Its results were just as expected.B.It wasnt very well designed.C.It fully reflected the students ability.D.Its r
25、esults fell short of her expectations.A.The woman should have complained to her neighbor.B.The woman should stay out until the neighbors are quiet.C.The woman should have stayed at the library.D.The lab will be a better place for reading.A.His computer doesnt work well.B.He isnt getting along with h
26、is staff.C.He didnt register for a proper course.D.He cant apply the theory to a program.A.Reading on the campus lawn.B.Depositing money in the bank.C.Applying for financial aid.D.Reviewing a students application.A.Buy something for the picnic.B.Go for a ride around town.C.Go shopping with the man.D
27、.Go to a clinic.A.Shell make a better website.B.Shell introduce a better website.C.Shell find a better name for the website.D.Shell help him look for a better website.A.By going on a diet.B.By having fewer meals.C.By doing physical exercise.D.By eating fruit and vegetables.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00
28、)A.Artists.B.Musicians.C.Grocers.D.Tour guides.A.An instrument.B.A concert.C.A theater.D.A city.A.As interesting.B.As cold.C.As popular.D.As huge.A.Because he was sick.B.Because he had an accident.C.Because he was almost hit by a car.D.Because he almost hit a child on the road.A.He was talking to a
29、friend.B.He was reading a newspaper.C.He was thinking of something important.D.He was reading an interesting novel.A.The man was in the wrong.B.The woman was in the wrong.C.The driver was in the wrong.D.No one of the three was in the wrong.A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.B.Food w
30、as delivered to people two or three times a week.C.People had effective ways to preserve their food.D.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.A.Investors.B.Manufacturers.C.Consumers.D.Traveling salesmen.A.Critical.B.Neutral.C.Objective.D.Compromising.A.To do as much as you can.B.To do only
31、 what is necessary.C.To act as carefully and quickly as you can.D.Both B and C.A.Leave him lying where he is, and place something soft under his head.B.Do as much as you can to save him.C.Move his arms and legs constantly.D.Roll him up in a blanket.A.Stop the flow of blood if the person is bleeding.
32、B.Do operation whenever necessary.C.Do artificial respiration if the person has stopped breathing.D.Do the best you can until a doctor arrives.A.Men can understand things quickly.B.Men can learn.C.Men have learned to use language.D.Men have brains.A.They meet enemies.B.They are afraid, angry or unha
33、ppy.C.They want to make a signal.D.They fight with each other for the food.A.An ape can make noises.B.An ape can understand things.C.An ape can learn words.D.An ape can make sentences.A.How children learn to speak.B.Why apes can learn a few words.C.Mans brain helps him to learn to speak.D.What happe
34、ns when men speak.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A northern cold spell gripped much of northern and eastern China yesterday, as local authorities issued terrible weather warnings and launched (36) 1plans to ensure safe transportation in the snow. The cold front, which brought snow showers mainly to Hena
35、n, Anhui, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, (37) 2Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Liaoning provinces, putting pressure on the post-Spring-Festival travel (38) 3The bad weather has caused (39) 4on roads, trains and airports. Several highways surrounding Beijing were closed yesterday. Delays and (40) 5 of flig
36、hts at several airports meant many (41) 6were unable to return to work after the week-long holiday. “At least four flights of the China Eastern Airlines were (42) 7because of the snow,“ said a (43) 8with the airport in Lanzhou, capital of Northwest Chinas Gansu Province. In Shenyang, capital of Nort
37、heast Chinas Liaoning Province, (44) 9. No major incidents of stranded passengers at railway stations were reported. (45) 10. Rail conditions in Zhengzhou, capital of Central Chinas Henan Province, have returned to normal after the station launched an plan on Sunday in response to the heavy snow, an
38、d evacuated tens of thousands of passengers. (46) 11. The seas in the east and south may also be hit with high winds. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)On 10 September 2001, Charles Ingram, an officer in the
39、British army, became a millionaire but only for a few hours. That night, he appeared on the UKs “Who wants to be a Millionaire“ quiz show. Contestants on this show must answer 15 questions correctly, getting larger sums of money each time. If they answer all the questions, they walk away with 1 mill
40、ion. Charles Ingram won his million. But then the program makers decided he had cheated. Contestants have to choose one correct answer from four given to every question. Playing back the tape of the show, they heard loud coughs coming from the audience whenever the correct answer was mentioned. Char
41、les Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came from another contestant, Tecwen Whittock, who was a friend of Charles Ingrams wife, Diana. The three were soon arrested and on April 7 this year, they were all found guilty in court by trying to cheat the programme makers of their money. Howe
42、ver, Charles Ingram still protests that he is innocent. To the public in the UK, “The millionaire trial“, as it was called, was a major source of public entertainment It was more than just a trial. It was a modern morality tale, a story of media, money and greed. TV quiz shows have always been accus
43、ed of causing corruption. In the early days, producers would give the right answers to contestants who seemed to be popular with the audience to increase viewing figures. For many years, prizes on game shows were limited to discouraging cheating. Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure o
44、f seeing people get questions right. But program makers eventually argued successfully that competing for large amounts of money made the shows more exciting. From then on, it was only a matter of time before someone came up with an idea like “who wants to be a millionaire?“ It proved a success. Tho
45、ugh only three people have won the top prize, many more have walked away with smaller but still large amounts money. Despite this, the show makes a big profit. It is supported by advertisers and sponsors. The format has been sold on to 106 countries. Also, people who want to go on the showjust to te
46、st their knowledge of course have to apply using a special premium rate telephone line. Each phone call costs them more man one pound and many make over 1000 calls before getting the chance to go on the show. It seems that many contestants treat the show as a serious business. Read a few encyclopedi
47、as, invest some money in phone calls and the returns could be great. Diana Ingram, Charles wife, had already appeared on the show a few months before her husband. So had her two brothers. Critics of the show argue that it undermines moral values. Charles Ingram may have tried to cheat, but the show
48、and its makers have a wider responsibility for greed by promoting a “something for nothing culture,“ they say. Perhaps because of this argument, Charles Ingram, his wife, and Tecwen Whittock were not sent to prison, despite the seriousness of their crime. （分数：177.50）(1).Charles Ingrams experience of being a millionaire lasts only for a few hours because_.（分数：35.50）A.he didnt appeared on the UKs “Who wants to be a Millionaire“ quiz showB.he was not able to answer 15 questions correctlyC.the program
