1、大学英语四级 191及答案解析(总分：746.52，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about What Would Happen if There Were no Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your pa
2、rt of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given. 1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modem life. 2. If there were no electric power, 3. Therefore, （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)How Babies Learn Lan
3、guage During the first year of a childs life, parents and careers are concerned with its physical development very carefully. It is interesting just how easily children learn language. Children who are just three or four years old, who cannot yet tie their shoelaces, are able to speak in full senten
4、ces without any specific language training. Language as Instinct? The current view of child language development is that it is an instinctsomething as natural as eating or sleeping. According to experts in this area, this language instinct is innatesomething each of us is born with. But this prevail
5、ing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. Learning as Repetition? In the middle of last century, experts of the time, including a renowned professor at Harvard University in the United States, regarded child language development as the process of learning through mere repetition. Langua
6、ge “habits“ developed as young children were they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child, according to this theory, would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. The Role of Interaction Yet even though the modern view holds that language is insti
7、nctive, experts like Assistant Professor Lise Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments. The language of the parents and caregivers is so important that the child will learn to speak in a manner very similar to the model speak
8、ers it hears. Baby Talk Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of “baby talk“ in the childs language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the
9、attention of a young baby. Dr. Roberta Colinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. Experiment show that immediately after birth habits respond more to infant-directed talk than they do to adult-directed talk. When using baby talk, people exaggerate their facial expressions, which helps th
10、e baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the difference between sounds. Since babies have a great deal of information to process, baby talk helps. Although there is concern that baby talk m
11、ay persist too long, Dr. Golinkoff says that it stops being used as the child gets older, that is, when the child is better able to communicate with the parents. Recognition of Sounds Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies ability to recognize sounds, and says they recognize the sou
12、nd of their own names as early as four and a half months. Babies know the meaning of Mummy and Daddy by about six months, which is earlier than was previously believed. By about nine month, babies begin recognizing frequent patterns in language. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur fre
13、quently, so it is good to frequently call the infant by its name. An experiment at Johns Hopkins University in USA, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During each visit the res
14、earcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories include odd words such as “python“ or “hornbill“, words that were unlikely to be encountered in the babies everyday experience. After a couple of weeks during which Nothing was done, the babies were brought to the researc
15、h lab, where they listened to two recorded lists of words. The first include words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact ones that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that
16、 the babies had extracted individual words form the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just
17、 the sound patterns. It supports the idea that people are born to speak, and have the capacity to learn language from the day they are born. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And, significantly, Dr. Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are com
18、munication. Clearly, interaction with another speaker encourages the baby to use language and speed up their process of learning to talk. （分数：71.00）(1).Children can learn their first language without being taught.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).From the time of their birth humans seem to have an ability to l
19、earn language.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).According to experts in the 1950s and 1960s, language learning is very similar to the training of animals.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Repetition in language learning is important, according to Dr. Eliot.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Dr. Golinkoff is concerned that “baby talk
20、“ is spoken too much by some parents.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The first word a child learns to recognize is usually “Mummy“ or “Daddy“.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).It is harmful to call the baby by its name.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).It is confirmed that children can speak independently at age 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:
21、_(9).Babies ability to 1 sound patterns comes earlier than was previously believed.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).According to Dr. Eliot, babies and toddlers should be involved in 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The man could buy a shirt of a different color.B.The size of the shirt i
22、s all right for the man.C.The size the man wants will arrive soon.D.The man could come some time later.A.The woman is watching an exciting film with the man.B.The woman cant take a photo of the man.C.The woman is running toward the lake.D.The woman is filming the lake.A.Its quiet in the restaurant.B
23、.The price is high in the restaurant.C.The restaurant serves good food.D.The restaurant is too far from their school.A.At a booking office.B.In a Hong Kong hotel.C.On a busy streetD.At an airport.A.The woman has been complaining too much.B.The womans headache will go away by itself.C.The woman shoul
24、d have seen the doctor earlier.D.The woman should confirm her appointment with the doctor.A.Help the woman move the items.B.Hurry to Mr. Johnsons office.C.Help move things to Mr. Johnsons office.D.Put off his appointment with Mr. Johnson.A.The man should not dream of being a superstar.B.The man didn
25、t practice hard enough.C.The man should find a new partner.D.The man should not give up.A.There is no more left.B.It doesnt appeal to her.C.Its incredibly delicious.D.She has already tasted it.A.The man is usually the last to hand in his test paper.B.The man has made a mess of his midterm exam.C.The
26、 man has bad study habits.D.The man is a diligent student.A.The man will drive the woman to school.B.The man has finished his assignment.C.The man is willing to help the woman.D.The man is losing patience with the woman.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.The benefits of strong business competition.B.A pro
27、posal to lower the cost of production.C.Complaints about the expense of modernization.D.Suggestions concerning new business strategies.A.It cost much more than its worth.B.It should be brought up-to-date.C.It calls for immediate repairs.D.It can still be used for a long time.A.The personnel manager
28、should be fired for inefficiency.B.A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory.C.The entire staff should be retrained.D.Better-educated employees should be promoted.A.Their competitors have long been advertising on TV.B.TV commercials are less expensive.C.Advertising in newspapers al
29、one is not sufficient.D.TV commercials attract more investments.A.She works in the travel agency on weekends.B.She goes to see the man working in the travel agency.C.She wants to buy a plane ticket.D.She used to work in the travel agency.A.Because he wants to travel to Phoenix.B.Because he works in
30、the travel agency.C.Because he goes to see his girlfriend.D.Because he will go to Florida next week.A.It may not be available.B.It is a small plane.C.It is too expensive.D.It is not safe.A.Order the ticket.B.Write a bill.C.Confirm the times by phone.D.Confirm the order.A.He didnt like physics any mo
31、re.B.His eyesight was too poor.C.Physics was too hard for him.D.He had to work to support himself.A.He was not happy with the new director.B.He was not qualified to be an engineer.C.He wanted to travel.D.He found his job boring.A.He wanted to work with his friend.B.He enjoyed traveling around the wo
32、rld.C.He wanted to go to Spain.D.He was rejected by the engineering firm.A.He enjoyed teaching English.B.He wanted to earn more to support his family.C.The owner of the school promised him a good position.D.He could earn more as a teacher than as a travel agent.A.The researchers in Chicago.B.The doc
33、tors in Chicago.C.The medical students at the University of Chicago.D.The researchers in a dream lab at the University of Chicago.A.Everyone dreams from three to seven times a night.B.Dreams are easily remembered.C.Dreams are likely to be frightening.D.Everyone dreams only one time a night.A.He rela
34、xes.B.He lies still.C.He fidgets.D.He makes more eye movements.A.The computer expert systems.B.The shortage of experts in the countryside.C.The way to use the medical expert system.D.The shortage of many things in developing countries.A.A system that is used to train doctors.B.A group of experts who
35、 can provide professional advice.C.A system that trains computer experts.D.A computer program that can provide professional advice.A.It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in villages.B.Many doctors and engineers have been sent to the countryside to solve problems.C.Computer expert systems ar
36、e widely used in developing countries.D.Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It was on August 14, 1945, that Japan communicated to the Allied powers that it would surrender. The official announcement from Tokyo came the (36) 1day. It was the day-afte
37、r Tokyo sent its surrender notice to the Allies that its own people learned the news. On August 15, 1945, Japans national radio network (37) 2 the power of its transmitters for an unprecedented broadcast address of the “Voice of the Crane“the emperor. Until that (38) 3day, ordinary Japanese had neve
38、r heard their emperor speak. Speaking in archaic (39) 4 language understood by few of his subjects, Emperor Hirohito told Japan that the (40) 5of battle had not necessarily developed to the nations advantage. While most Japanese reacted with (41) 6 silence, there was jubilation across Asia as countr
39、ies quickly realized they were being liberated from a long period of (42) 7 and militarism. Sixty years on, Japan still seems to have difficulty (43) 8 to grips with its defeat. The media focus here every August is on the U. S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (44) 9. Every year on August 1
40、5, some cabinet ministers visit Tokyos Yasukuni Shrine, setting off protests by Asian governments, (45) 10. Although August 14 and 15 are celebrated as the end of the war, it was not until September 2, 1945, that (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1
41、:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded, and they frequently fail to run on time. As if that were not bad enough, physicist Hondon published a paper that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable. Dr. Hondon examined mobile-phone usa
42、ge in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages, buses and lifts, all of which are, in essence, metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together, all talking, sending text messages, or browsing the web on their phones, could produce levels of electromagnetic radiat
43、ion that exceed international safety standards. That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage, bus or lift. Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network, but the rest fills the inside of the carriage with bounc
44、ing microwaves. This sounds worrying. However, in a paper published recently, Jaime Ferrer and Lucas Fernndez-Seivane from the University of Oviedo in Spain, dispute Dr. Hondous findings. They conclude that the level of radiation is safe after all. In their opinion, while each phone produces radiati
45、on that bounces around the car, the passengers absorb some of it, which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity. Dr. Hondons model, in short, was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat. According to Dr. Ferrer and
46、his colleagues, Dr. Hondon overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation. When one is sitting on a train, they found, the most important sources of radiation are ones own phone, and those of ones immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from
47、 waves bouncing around the carriage. And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP, the international body that regulates such matters. People concerned about the effects of mobile-phone radiation are unlikely to take much comfort from Dr. Ferrer
48、s results. Indeed, Dr. Ferrer says he was surprised at how little research has been done in this area. Yet both Dr. Hondons results and Dr. Ferrers are based on mathematical models. Their models make assumptions about the physical properties of train carriages and their passengers, and both assume that the radiation is uniformly distributed rather than gathered into “hot spots“. But if the debate about the safety of mobile phones is to be resolved, there must be less reliance on models, and more emphasis on har
