1、大学英语四级 261及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic What Has SARS Brought to US. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1悲观者认为 SARS是人类的灾难。 2乐观者认为人类终将制服一切，SARS 也不例外。
2、 3SARS 究竟给我们带来什么警醒。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Absenteeism In Nursing: A Longitudinal Study Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism (矿工) in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually.
3、The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism. Nursing Absenteeism A prevalent attitude amongst many nurses in the group selected f
4、or study was that there was NO reward or recognition for Not taking paid leave entitled to them in their employment conditions. Therefore, they believed they may as well take the days off-sick (病假) or otherwise. Similar attitudes have been Noted by James (1989), who Noted that sick leave is seen by
5、many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. Miller and Norton (1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 percent felt they should be rewarded for Not taking sick leave, because some employees always used their sick leave. Further, 67 per cent of nurses felt that administ
6、ration was Not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees personal and social lives. Only 53 per cent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly. In another longitudinal study of nurses working in two Canadian hospitals, Hackett, Bycio and Guion (1989
7、) examined the reasons why nurses took absence from work. The most frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of frequency, were illness in family, family social function, work to do at home, etc. Method In an attempt to reduce the level of absent
8、eeism amongst the 250 Registered and Enrolled Nurses in the present study, and Prince William management introduced three different, yet potentially complementary, strategies over 18 months. Strategy 1: non-financial (material) incentives (激励) Within the established wage and salary system it was Not
9、 possible to use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives from local businesses, including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc. The nurses with the lowest absence rate would win the prize. Strategy 2: Flexible fair schedual Whe
10、re possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of the needs of their hospitals. Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and counseling Each month, managers would analyze the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave (greater than ten days p
11、er year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential voluntary absenteeism such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward(病房) nurses and then, as necessary, followed up by action. Result
12、s: Absence rates for die six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 per cent to 4.32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.96 per cent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However, analyzing the absence rates on a year-to-year basis, the
13、overall absence rate was 3.60 per cent in the first year and 3.43 per cent in the following year. This represents a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period could Not be demonstrated. Discussion The non-financial i
14、ncentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this program finally had to cease. There were mixed results across wards as well. (For example, in wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illn
15、ess, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable. Over the time of the study, staff were given a larger degree of control in their duty a
16、rrangement. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy. Many of the nurses had Not realized the impact their behaviour was having on the organisation and their colleagues but mere were als
17、o staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was picking on them and this usually had a negative effect on managementemployee relationships. Conclusion Although there has been some decrease in absence rates, no single strategy or combination of strategies has had a significa
18、nt impact on absenteeism per se. In spite of the disappointing results, it is our contention that the strategies were Not in vain. A shared ownership of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving has facilitated improved cooperation and communication between management and staff. It
19、 is our belief that this improvement alone, while Not obviously measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of absenteeism more effectively since this study. （分数：71.00）(1).The prince William Hospital has been trying to reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for many years.（分
20、数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as little sick leave as possible.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study believed mat management understood the effects that shift work had on them.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC
21、.NG(4).The Canadian study found that “illness in the family“ was a greater cause of absenteeism than “work to do at home“.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Prince William Hospital found similar results to the two 1989 studies.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.N
22、G(6).The study at the prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism amongst 250 nurses.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The study at the Price William Hospital involved changes in management practices.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the first strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism in diff
23、erent periods would win prizes donated by 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).In the second strategy, staff were given more control over their 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).The author of this essay concludes that the study in the Prince William Hospital has facilitated improved cooperation and communication between 1 an
24、d 2.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The woman is a close friend of the man.B.The woman has been working too hard.C.The woman is seeing a doctorD.The woman is tired of her work.A.The man doesnt have money for his daughters graduate studies.B.The man doesnt think his daughter w
25、ill get a business degree.C.The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D.The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.A.There are too many courses offered to students.B.The woman should take fewer courses next term.C.The man will take four co
26、urses next semester.D.It is wiser to take more than four courses.A.He wishes to have more courses like it.B.He finds it hard to follow the teacher.C.He wishes the teacher would talk more.D.He doesnt like the teachers accent.A.See whats wrong with it.B.Sew it together.C.Try to tape it up.D.Change a n
27、ew cover.A.He ordered a painting for the house.B.He hired someone to paint the house.C.He hid in the house.D.He built the house.A.Basketball and football.B.Volleyball.C.Basketball and volleyball.D.Basketball.A.Having an interview.B.Filling out a form.C.Talking with his friend.D.Asking for informatio
28、n.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.She bought a mug.B.She fell while walking home from work.C.She was robbed.D.She lost her left shoe carelessly on her way home.A.A woman with a beard.B.A woman.C.A man.D.Not mentioned.A.On the street.B.In a store.C.On the playground.D.In the park.A.The womans husband.B.
29、The owner of the apartment.C.The apartment manager.D.The tenant who occupies the apartment now.A.In a house.B.In a hotel.C.In a two-bedroom apartment.D.In a three-bedroom apartment.A.Because she thought the apartment was too small.B.Because it was the first apartment she had seen.C.Because her husba
30、nd had not seen it.D.Because the rent was too high.A.Good health.B.Gold and silver.C.Your best friend.D.How to control serious diseases.A.If you dont pay attention to your diet, you will soon destroy your good health.B.You will never recover.C.You should know the best pleasure when you are content w
31、ith simple pleasure.D.You had better stop drinking.A.We should be aware of the danger of alcohol.B.We should have controlled ourselves earlier.C.Its time for us to act now.D.Its time for us to realize the danger of tobacco.A.In about 20 years.B.Within a week.C.In a couple of weeks.D.As early as poss
32、ible.A.Yes, of course.B.Possibly not.C.Not mentioned.D.Definitely not.A.Her complaint was ignored.B.The store sent her the correct order.C.The store apologized for their mistake.D.The store picked up the wrong items.A.They wanted to follow his example.B.They fully supported his undertaking.C.They we
33、re puzzled by his decision.D.They were afraid he wasnt fully prepared.A.It is more exciting than space travel.B.It is much cheaper than space travel.C.It is much safer than space travel.D.It is less time-consuming than space travel.A.They both attract scientists attentionB.They can both be quite cha
34、llengingC.They are both thought-provoking.D.They may both lead to surprising findings.A.To show how simple the mechanical aids for diving can be.B.To provide an excuse for his changeable character.C.To explore the philosophical issues of space travel.D.To explain why he took up underwater exploratio
35、n.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Saving money is the primary way to prepare for the s of college. Setting (36) 1a certain amount of money every month or each payday will help build up a fund for college. If you and your child begin (37) 2early, the amount you have to set each month will be smaller. In o
36、rder to set up a s (38) 3, youll need to think about where your child might attend college, how much that type of college might (39) 4, and how much you can afford to save. Keep in mind that colleges of the same type have a (40) 5of s and your child may be able to attend one that is less (41) 6. You
37、 can also pay part of the s from your earnings while your child is (42) 7school. In addition, some federal, state, or other student financial aid may be (43) 8, including loans to you and to your child. Finally, during the school year or during the summer, (44) 9. You will also want to think about w
38、hat kind of s instrument to use or what kind of investment to make. By putting your money in some kind of s instrument or investment, (45) 10. Interest refers to the amount that your money earns when it is kept in a s instrument. (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
39、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)The three main types of secondary education in the United States have been provided by the Latin grammar school, the academy, and the public high school. The first of these was a colonial institution. It began in New England with the e
40、stablish ment in 1635 of the Boston Free Latin School. The curriculum (课程) consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the ministry. The academy began in the early 1750s with Benja
41、min Franklins school in Philadelphia, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. It extended generally to about the middle nineteenth century, except in the southern states where the public high school was late in developing and where the academy continued to be a principal means of secondar
42、y education even after 1900. The academy was open to girls as well as to boys, and it provided a wider curriculum than what the Latin grammar school had furnished. It was designed not only as a preparation for college but also for practical life in commercial and business activities. Although its wi
43、de educational values are evident and are recognized as important contributions to secondary education in this country, the academy has never been considered a public institution as the public high school has come to be. The public high school had its origin in Massachusetts in 1821 when the English
44、 Classical School was established in Boston. In 1827, the state enacted(制定) the first state-wide public high-school law in the United States. By 1840, there were perhaps a dozen public high schools in Massachusetts and many in other eastern states by 1850, they could also be found in many other stat
45、es. Just as the curriculum of the academy grew out of that of the Latin grammar school, the curriculum of the public high school developed out of that of the academy. The public high school in the United States is a repudiation (推翻) of the aristocratic(贵族的)and selective principle of the European edu
46、cational tradition. Since 1890, enrollments (入学) in secondary schools, mainly public high schools, have practically doubled in this country every ten years. （分数：177.50）(1).According to the passage, which of the following sequences indicates the order in which the schools developed?（分数：35.50）A.Latin
47、grammar school, public high school, academy.B.Latin grammar school, academy, public high school.C.Public high school, Latin grammar school, academy.D.Public high school, academy, Latin grammar school.(2).It is the opinion of the author that the academy, compared with the public high school, was_.（分数
48、：35.50）A.obviously academically betterB.more discriminatory in student selectionC.coeducationalD.not generally considered as a public institution(3).The year 1827 marks the_.（分数：35.50）A.enactment of the first state-wide public high-school lawB.founding of the Latin Grammar School in BostonC.establishment of the English classical School in BostonD.year when Massachusetts made free public education compulsory after the eighth grade(4).One can probably infer from his article that “Latin grammar school“ refers to
