1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 328及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity? A. “Integrity“ is defined as “adherence to moral and ethical principles; honesty.“ The key to integrity is consistencynot only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty,
2、responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life“s hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. B. What happens if
3、 we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or
4、 unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business C. We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding
5、 why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. D. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can“t see the risks we“re taking, we can“t make responsible choices. To identify risks
6、, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn“t know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But th
7、e fact that such a violation is “unintentional“ does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. But Everybody Does It E. Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they“re taking by using excuses: “Everyone else does it,“ “I“
8、 m not hurting anyone,“ or “I really need this grade.“ Excuses can get very elaborate: “I know I“m looking at another“s exam, even though I“m supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that“s not cheating because I“m just checking my answers, not copying.“ We must be honest about our actions, and
9、 avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we“re not doing anything wrong, we can“t see the real choice we“re making and that leads to bad decisions. F. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could b
10、e watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you“d rather hide your actions, that“s a good indication that you“re taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks G. To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in
11、the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits (“what“s in it for me“), and simply haven“t considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious,
12、and may include a “0“ on a test or assignment; an “F“ in the class; Suspension or Dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over w
13、hat that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren“t many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With ItOr Not H. Those who don“t get caught
14、 pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn“t learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the chea
15、ter ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn“t get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems “easier.“ This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventua
16、lly, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn“t get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too I. Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions “d
17、on“t count“ and don“t really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on
18、 a curve, cheating hurts others“ grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating “poisons“ the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. (“If I don“t cheat, I can“t compete with those who do.“) Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing stud
19、ents learn, but a cheater says, “I“m not interested in what you“re trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others.“ The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the univers
20、ity, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters J. If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn“t put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive acros
21、s a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentistthe list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have und
22、ermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation“s economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the
23、national debt and pay for education. K. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.（分数：20.00）(1).Integrity is the basis of mutual trus
24、t playing in personal and professional relationships.（分数：2.00）(2).We must learn what we are going to take, so that we don“t run into trouble.（分数：2.00）(3).Violation of a rule will make the cheater feel ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught.（分数：2.00）(4).A person of integrity not only sets high
25、 moral and ethical standards but also sticks to them in his daily life.（分数：2.00）(5).If there is someone cheating, others may feel pressured and cheat, too.（分数：2.00）(6).One should avoid making excuses if he doesn“t wish to fool himself.（分数：2.00）(7).Cheating can ruin the reputation of a university, an
26、d do harm to those who worked hard.（分数：2.00）(8).If we can“t rely on others“ honesty and good faith, we couldn“t buy food, clothing, and medicine from others.（分数：2.00）(9).We need to know rules and be clear about the facts to identify risks.（分数：2.00）(10).If you are not proud of your actions, and would
27、 rather hide them, that“s an indication that you“re taking a risk.（分数：2.00）Seven Steps to a More Fulfilling JobA. Many people today find themselves in unfulfilling work situations. In fact, one in four workers is dissatisfied with their current job, according to the recent “Plans for 2004“ survey. T
28、heir career path may be financially rewarding, but it doesn“t meet their emotional, social or creative needs. They“re stuck, unhappy, and have no idea what to do about it, except move to another job. B. Mary Lyn Miller, veteran career consultant and founder of the Life and Career Clinic, says that w
29、hen most people are unhappy about their work, their first thought is to get a different job. Instead, Miller suggests looking at the possibility of a different life. Through her book, 8 Myths of Making a Living , as well as workshops, seminars and personal coaching and consulting, she has helped tho
30、usands of dissatisfied workers reassess life and work. C. Like the way of Zen, which includes understanding of oneself as one really is, Miller encourages job seekers and those dissatisfied with work or life to examine their beliefs about work and recognize that “in many cases your beliefs are what
31、brought you to where you are today.“ You may have been raised to think that women were best at nurturing and caring and, therefore, should be teachers and nurses. So that“s what you did. Or, perhaps you were brought up to believe that you should do what your father did, so you have taken over the fa
32、mily business, or become a dentist “just like dad.“ If this sounds familiar, it“s probably time to look at the new possibilities for your future. D. Miller developed a 7-step process to help potential job seekers assess their current situation and beliefs, identify their real passion, and start on a
33、 journey that allows them to pursue their passion through work. Step 1: Willingness to do something different. E. Breaking the cycle of doing what you have always done is one of the most difficult tasks for job seekers. Many find it difficult to steer away from a career path or make a change, even i
34、f it doesn“t feel right. Miller urges job seekers to open their minds to other possibilities beyond what they are currently doing. Step 2: Commitment to being who you are, not who or what someone wants you to be. F. Look at the gifts and talents you have and make a commitment to pursue those things
35、that you love most. If you love the social aspects of your job, but are stuck inside an office or “chained to your desk“ most of the time, vow to follow your instinct and investigate alternative careers and work that allow you more time to interact with others. Dawn worked as a manager for a large r
36、etail clothing store for several years. Though she had advanced within the company, she felt frustrated and longed to be involved with nature and the outdoors. She decided to go to school nights and weekends to pursue her true passion by earning her master“s degree in forestry. She now works in the
37、biotech forestry division of a major paper company. Step 3: Self-definition. G. Miller suggests that once job seekers know who they are, they need to know how to sell themselves. “In the job market, you are a product. And just like a product, you most know the features and benefits that you have to
38、offer a potential client, or employer.“ Examine the skills and knowledge that you have, and identify how they can apply to your desired occupation. Your qualities will exhibit to employers why they should hire you over other candidates. Step 4: Attain a level of self-honoring. H. Self-honoring or se
39、lf-love may seem like an odd step for job hunters, but being able to accept yourself, without judgment, helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self-assured. By accepting who you areall your emotions, hopes and dreams, your personality, and your unique way of beingyou“ll project more con
40、fidence when networking and talking with potential employers. The power of self-honoring can help to break all the falsehoods you were programmed to believethose that made you feel that you were not good enough, or strong enough, or intelligent enough to do what you truly desire. Step 5: Vision. I.
41、Miller suggests that job seekers develop a vision that embraces the answer to “What do I really want to do?“ one should create a solid statement in a dozen or so sentences that describe in detail how they see their life related to work. For instance, the secretary who longs to be an actress describe
42、s a life that allows her to express her love of Shakespeare on stage. A real estate agent, attracted to his current job because her loves fixing up old homes, describes buying properties that need a little tender loving care to make them more saleable. Step 6: Appropriate risk. J. Some philosophers
43、believe that the way to enlightenment comes through facing obstacles and difficulties. Once people discover their passion, many are too scared to do anything about it. Instead, they do nothing. With this step, job seekers should assess what they are willing to give up, or risk, in pursuit of their d
44、ream. For one working morn, that meant taking night classes to learn new computer-aided design skills, while still earning a salary and keeping her day job. For someone else, it may mean quitting his or her job, taking out loan and going back to school full time. You“ll move one step closer to your
45、ideal work life if you identify how much risk you are willing to take and the sacrifices you are willing to make. Step 7: Action. K. Some teachers of philosophy describe action in this way, “If one wants to get to the top of a mountain, just sitting at the foot thinking about it will not bring one t
46、here. It is by making the effort of climbing up the mountain, step by step, that eventually the summit is reached.“ All too often, it is the lack of action that ultimately holds people back from attaining their ideals. Creating a plan and taking it one step at a time can lead to new and different jo
47、b opportunities. Job-hunting tasks gain added meaning as you sense their importance in your quest for a more meaningful work life. The plan can include researching industries and occupations, talking to people who are in your desired area of work, taking classes, or accepting volunteer work in your
48、targeted field. L. Each of these steps will lead you on a journey to a happier and more rewarding work life. After all, it is the journey, not the destination that is most important.（分数：20.00）(1).In the job market, job seekers need to know how to sell themselves like product.（分数：2.00）(2).Many people
49、 find it difficult to make up their minds to change their career path.（分数：2.00）(3).Mary Lyn Miller suggests those who are unhappy about their work, looking at the possibility of a different life.（分数：2.00）(4).In a recent “Plans for 2004“ survey, 25% of workers are not satisfied with their current job.（分数：2.00）(5).During an interview with potential employers, self-honoring or self-love may help a job seeker to show more self-assured.（分数：2.00）(6).It“s not the destination, but the journey that is most important.（分数：2.00）(7).Most of the time, thinking without action keeps people away from th
