1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 400及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)When I was young, my dad and I searched the shed for glass jars and filled them with varying 1 of water to make our own musical instrument. For me it was the start of a lifelong 2 for scienceyet
2、 I didn“t go on to become a scientist. I was a 3 fan of painting and writing at school, so I saw myself as an artist. I excluded myself from science because I didn“t think I could do both. We need scientists more than ever, not least to work out how to 4 the effects of climate change. But like me, m
3、any children who 5 show an interest in science are rejecting the subject at school. What“s the reason and what can we do about it? I believe that children are natural-born scientists. They have exploring spirit and they aren“t 6 to admit that they don“t know something. If you think about the spirit
4、of sciencedeciding what you want to find out, setting out how you“re going to discover it, then carrying out the experiment and coming to a 7 that“s how kids work. Unfortunately, most of us lose this as we get 8 . Instead of finding things out by ourselves, we. make 9 that often turn out to be wrong
5、. So it“s not a matter of getting kids interested in science. You just have to find a way to 10 killing the passion for learning that they were born with. A. afraid I. initially B. amounts J. massive C. assumptions K. older D. avoid L. passion E. conclusion M. stronger F. eager N. tackle G. finally
6、O. understanding H. illusions（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Buildings That Can BreatheA. At first glance, you might not suspect that the Philip Merrill Environmental Center in Annapolis, Md., is as earth friendly as an old windmill. As the headquarters of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, it disp
7、lays more wood construction than the typical large building these days. But to understand what the designers, Smith Group, did to make it truly different, you would have to know that one-third of its energy comes from geothermal heat pumps that utilize the earth“s warmth and photovoltaic building pa
8、nels that convert sunlight into electricity. Or that rainfall collected on the roof can be channeled into huge holding tanks for reuse in irrigation. Or that its sunscreen overhangs are made from recycled pickle barrels. Whole platoons (一组) of enforcement lawyers for the Environmental Protection Age
9、ncy could not be more ecologically effective than its waterless composting toilets, bamboo flooring and timber cut from sustainably harvested wood. B. The Merrill Center epitomizes the new wave of “green architecture,“ a catch-all term for design and construction practices that take into account a w
10、hole checklist of environmental goals. How a building is sited, how well it reuses its wastewater, how efficiently it is heated and cooledthose are all questions green architects examine closely. To answer them, they have access to a new generation of supplies that include nonpolluting paints, low-f
11、low toilets and windows glazed to admit sunlight but reduce heat radiation. The Adam J. Lewis Center for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College even has a state- the-art (最先进的) disinfectant system that cleans toilet water for reuse. (No, not in drinking fountains.) But green design is not all abou
12、t high tech. One simple idea: windows on high-rises that actually open. That facilitates natural air-ventilation systems, also known as breezes. C. No one can deny that when it comes to the environment, buildings are right up there with automobiles as polluters. Homes, schools, office towers and sho
13、pping centers dirty their own little rivers of water every day. With their air-conditioning and heating systems, they waste large amounts of electrical and fossil-fuel power. Toxic ingredients leach from building materials and foul the air. Decades ago, only a few environmentally minded architects c
14、ared about such things. “Classic Modernism didn“t even think about the environment,“ says James Wines, founder of SITE, a pioneering green-design firm. “The Modernists worshipped industrialism and industrial material because that was the future.“ D. That began to change in the 1970s with that decade
15、“s oil shocks, which produced a short-lived vogue for alternate heating technologies. The simultaneous rise of environmentalism inspired what you might call hobbit architecture, cottages crowned with listless greenery and the odd solar panel. But it wasn“t until the 1990s that green architecture gai
16、ned a foothold in mainstream building. That was partly the result of a growing realization that “sustainable“ buildings have lower long-term heating and cooling costs. States began offering tax incentives for construction that put less pressure on power grids or water supplies. Coming of age at the
17、same time was a generation of architects who were knowledgeable about environmentally conscious construction materials and techniques. E. A dozen years ago, the U.S. Green Building Council, an association of architects, builders and other green specialists, adopted the Leadership in Energy and Envir
18、onmental Design (LEED. certification system, which sets out standards that a building must meet to qualify as environmentally friendly. The council estimates that today at least 3% of new buildings each year have some Earth-friendly features. “The growth of green building is driven partly by energy
19、efficiency and other cost savings,“ says Christine Ervin, the former president and CEO of the council, “but also by the need of businesses to attract the best employees. These buildings can make very attractive work places.“ F. Some of the most prominent names in architecture have turned green, at l
20、east for selected projects. The three-sided Commerzbank headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany, is one of the leafiest. All around its triangular interior atrium (中庭) are gardens in the sky, set at different elevations, so that no worker is more than a few floors away from a sizable patch of greenery. “
21、Building allows us to explore nature in a different way,“ says Jeremy Edmiston, of System Architects, “We“re looking at ways to put parks into high-rise buildings.“ G. Natural air circulation is a preoccupation of green architecture. With the widespread adoption of air conditioning after World War I
22、I, the typical office building was constructed to be more airtight than a mummy“s tomb. Now designers are rediscovering principles of ventilation and air circulation familiar to builders of the 19th century. The Rocky Mountain Institute once took part in an environmental upgrade of the White House a
23、nd the vintage (古老的) Executive Office Building. “We discovered that the old office building was already designed with a natural ventilation systema fairly brilliant one,“ says William Browning, the institute“s senior consultant for green development. H. Not everything green is rosy. To provide sunli
24、ght that reduces reliance on electrical lighting, environmentally conscious designers tend to favor open-plan workplaces over offices with doors that close. That can be good for nature, less good for quiet and privacy. And big suburban residential developers are not piling in yet. Reduced long-term
25、energy costs, for instance, are not an important incentive to builders who plan to sell off the homes they build right away. I. Some green architecture is literally green. Dwellings that nestle directly into the landscape like caves, with carpets of earth and grass rolling over them as roofing, were
26、 among the first and most thoroughgoing examples of green architecture in the 1970s. At the end of the last century, Chicago“s City Hall, a 1911-Classical-Revival building, was topped by a “green roof“a 20,000-square-foot garden that was planted as a climate-control mechanism. Built from a blend of
27、compost, mulch and sponge-like materials that hold water more effectively than regular soil, the low-maintenance garden of 20,000 plantings is intended to reduce City Hall“s air-conditioning and heating costs by as much as $6,000 each year. In summer the garden helps keep the building cool by shield
28、ing it under a layer of moist material. In winter it insulates against cold. In both seasons, it reduces the storm-water runoff that occasionally overflows the Chicago sewers leading to Lake Michigan. Though the garden has yellowed a bit this summer, it still provides its cost-cutting benefits. Not
29、incidentally, it also provides a habitat for birds, butterflies and grasshoppers. But not yet for peoplethe garden is closed to the public. Sometimes nature needs to work in peace.（分数：40.00）(1).The office building after World War II performed badly in natural air circulation.（分数：4.00）(2).Decades ago
30、, only a few architects considered buildings“ effect on the environment.（分数：4.00）(3).In order to let the garden roof of Chicago“s City Hall function well, the public are not allowed to get in there.（分数：4.00）(4).According to Christine Ervin, one factor that popularizes green buildings is that they he
31、lp attract excellent employees.（分数：4.00）(5).The design of open-plan workplaces is at the sacrifice of quiet and privacy.（分数：4.00）(6).One factor that differs the headquarters of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation from other buildings is its waterless composting toilets.（分数：4.00）(7).The “green roof“ of Chi
32、cago“s City Hall was designed to help regulate the temperature of the building.（分数：4.00）(8).Green architecture“s fully making use of nature such as wind can be a way of green design.（分数：4.00）(9).William Browning thinks the natural ventilation system of the old Executive Office Building was fairly br
33、illiant.（分数：4.00）(10).The realization that “sustainable“ buildings can reduce costs served as a drive for the green architecture trend in the 1990s.（分数：4.00）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The age at which kids first fall victim to bullying (欺侮) could influence how strongly th
34、ey are affected, suggests a new study. And, surprisingly, it is not the youngest kids who are hurt the most in the long term. Bullying can have long-lasting effects, but particularly when it begins in adolescence, the researchers say. People subjected to either verbal (口头的) or physical bullying are
35、known to be at greater risk of developing depression, anxiety disorders or to behave violently. But not everyone reacts in this way. Children bullied for the first time before they hit adolescence seem to get over it, but those who are victimized for the first time later on in adolescence seem to be
36、come more aggressive or are more likely to turn to drink as a means of coping. These are the conclusions of psychologist Matthew Newman and colleagues from the University of Texas at Austin, U.S. The team gave questionnaires to nearly 1,500 college students regarding their experience of physical and
37、 psychological bullying before adolescencebefore high schooland in late adolescenceat high school. They assessed mood and mental state by signs of anxiety or depression, such as sleeplessness. The group was also questioned about how they would react to certain challenges, such as being humiliated or
38、 provoked. People who were bullied all revealed slightly higher levels of stress. But while those bullied earlier in life seemed to respond normally to provocation, people bullied for the first time late in adolescence are more withdrawn and sensitive to violence. There are also sex differences betw
39、een those bullied for the first time during adolescence, with females more likely to react aggressively when provoked and males much more likely to turn to alcohol to escape bad situations. The best solution in all cases was strong social support, whether from friends, family or school. Those with n
40、o one to share their problems suffered the most. So perhaps it is best not to shelter children completely from bullying early on, suggests Newman. “They may get stressed, but unhealthy coping really jumps out when they are bullied for the first time later on.“（分数：15.00）(1).What determines the degree
41、 of bullying“s effect on people according to the new study?（分数：3.00）A.The reason why they are bullied.B.The age at which they are first bullied.C.The place where they are first bullied.D.The person who first bullies them.(2).What does Newman think may happen to those first bullied later on in adoles
42、cence?（分数：3.00）A.They are likely to be more aggressive.B.They seem to easily get over the effect of bullying.C.Most of them will respond to bullying normally.D.Most of them are afraid of sharing their problems.(3).What does the author say about the people who were bullied?（分数：3.00）A.They were all li
43、kely to respond to provocation violently.B.They all suffered from slightly higher degree of stress.C.They all became a little aggressive and rude.D.They were all likely to be unconfident in public.(4).What reflects the sex differences between people bullied for the first time during adolescence?（分数：
44、3.00）A.The support they get from the society.B.The way they react to provocation.C.The effect bullying has on them.D.The type of bullying they receive.(5).What does Newman think will happen if children are protected completely from bullying early on?（分数：3.00）A.They will lose the ability to solve pro
45、blems independently.B.They are unlikely to master proper social skills later on.C.They will never become sensitive to violence and aggression.D.They are likely to handle the first bullying improperly later on.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique
46、 economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or “provider“ and purchaser or “consumer“ in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most areas of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements (引诱物) o
47、f price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however, does not exist in most of the health-care industry. In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an
48、 individual has chosen to see a physicianand even then there may be no real choiceit is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday“, whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophi
49、sticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious. This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify (证明) the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor“s judgments that are final. No wonder that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer.
