1、大学英语四级阅读-12 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)Lamar Odom, the star forward in the NBA, is known for his outsized love of candy, sometimes eating (1) bags of chocolate and jelly beans on game day.Last week, a doctor and NBA fan wrote an essay (2)
2、 Odoms sweet tooth to his inconstant and sometimes slow play. Odom countered that, if anything, the (3) sugar helps his performance.But what do studies have to say? According to research, candy before exercise can (4) performance, but only to a point. Studies have shown, for example, that when athle
3、tes eat a 180-calorie candy bar and then ride a bike for an hourrushing for the final 15 minutesthey (5) better than on days when they drink only beforehand. But on days when the (6) eat a solid meal a few hours earlier and then have sugar before riding, they do better than on just the sugar alone.C
4、andy can be as (7) as healthier options like fruit, and because people (8) release little insulin (胰岛素) during exercise, crashing is unlikely, said Nancy Clark, a sports nutritionist. But candy lacks nutrients that are critical to things like bone strength and post-exercise (9) .For best results, pr
5、e-exercise meals should combine protein and easily digestible carbohydrates. Sugar can work as quick (10) for exercise, but nutrient-rich foods are better.A. excessive B. efficient C. rally D. performE. fuel F. boasting G. coarsely H. entireI. enhance J. typically K. hazard L. subjectsM. lodges N. l
6、inking O. recovery（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_For some educators, there is nothing wrong with fun and games. A group called the Education Arcade recently held a conference in Los Angeles to discuss the future of (1) games. The Education Arcade brin
7、gs together international game designers, publishers, teachers and policymakers. They say they want to lead (2) in the way the world learns through computer and video games.The (3) was part of E-three, the Electronic Entertainment Exposition. This is a yearly trade (4) where companies show off new g
8、ames and educational products.The Education Arcade started at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, near Boston. Professors worked with the Microsoft company to create what they called the Games-to-Teach Project. The group began to (5) ways to use technology in teaching and learning. They worke
9、d with game designers to develop ideas about how (6) and science could mix with game playing. The Education Arcade is the research part of this Games-to-Teach Project.The group recently announced that a “Games for Learning“ statement will be (7) on some products. This should begin to appear in Ameri
10、can stores in about six months. The (8) is to help people find games that are fun but will also teach. The Education Arcade says it also wants to get businesses to produce more games that teach.Companies have been creating systems like hand-held educational (9) made by LeapFrog. And new educational
11、role-playing games are being developed. M.I.T. and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in Virginia are developing a game called “Revolution.“ Players will get to experience the American Revolution (10) .A. placed B. mathematics C. primarily D. goalE. occurrences F. show G. explore H. estimatedI. ra
12、dical J. educational K. change L. onlineM. devices N. conference O. inherit（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_As war spreads to many corners of the globe, children sadly have been drawn into the center of conflicts. In Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Colombia, h
13、owever, groups of children have been taking part in peace education (1) . The children, after learning to resolve conflicts, took on the (2) of peacemakers. The Childrens Movement for Peace in Colombia was even nominated (提名) for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. Groups of children (3) as peacemakers s
14、tudied human rights and poverty issues in Colombia, eventually forming a group with five other schools in Bogota known as The Schools of Peace.The classroom (4) opportunities for children to replace angry, violent behaviors with (5) , peaceful ones. It is in the classroom that caring and respect for
15、 each person empowers children to take a step (6) toward becoming peacemakers. Fortunately, educators have access to many online resources that are (7) useful when helping children along the path to peace. The Young Peacemakers Club, started in 1992, provides a Website with resources for teachers an
16、d (8) on starting a Kindness Campaign. The World Centers of Compassion for Children International call attention to childrens rights and how to help the (9) of war. Starting a Peacemakers Club is a praiseworthy venture for a class and one that could spread to other classrooms and ideally affect the
17、culture of the (10) school.A. acting B. assuming C. comprehensive D. cooperativeE. entire F. especially G. forward H. imagesI. information J. offers K. projects L. respectivelyM. role N. technology O. victims（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、Section B(
18、总题数：3，分数：30.00)Keep Our Seas CleanA. By the year 2050 it is estimated that the worlds population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the al
19、ready significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.B. One significant impact of human activity is m
20、arine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological
21、 impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.C. Despite the scal
22、e and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from
23、waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants enteri
24、ng the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent.D. The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms“ of algae (藻类) in coasta
25、l waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones“ (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.E. Radioactive (放射性的)
26、 pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK. Waste released from them has resulted in
27、 the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.F. Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plan
28、ts and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and er
29、osion (腐蚀).G. The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synt
30、hetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Theyre resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), cau
31、sing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.H. POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations w
32、ho live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce
33、 normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other a
34、nimals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.I. The North and Baltic S
35、eas also contain some of the worlds busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical
36、 tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.J. In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other tec
37、hnical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.K. Some sources of pollution have been brought under
38、control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have
39、committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REAC
40、H (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.（分数：10.00）(1).The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on the OSPAR Convention.（分数：1.00）填空项 1
41、:_(2).The fact that some tankers still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects making bigger possibility of oil spill.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from atmospheric inputs.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).The overgrow of algae will result in oxygen s
42、hortage in the water, which led to “creeping dead zones“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).In warm and mild regions, farmed fish and shellfish are also affected by POPs because they are fed fish meal.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).As long as 2,890 km of coastline had been polluted by the oil spill of the Prestige oil tanker
43、.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea is considered as the most visible and familiar marine pollution.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Half of the goods transported by ships can be classified as dangerous cargoes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).The West Greenland Coast has bee
44、n polluted by radioactive elements.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).Hormone disruption in marine life is the result of accumulation of POPs.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_Things You Cant Say in CanadaA. Attacking our sacred cows (things or people that cannot be criticized) may turn you into one looked down upon by all othersb
45、ut it can also be a lot of fun. Every culture has its unacknowledged taboosthe things you are forbidden to say or do in polite company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt. You might think that a liberal, open-minded country like Canada would be free of such taboos, but youd be wrong. I
46、n spite of our belief in our own civilized tolerance, some things are simply not open to debate. If you try, youre bound to shock the neighbors.B. Its risky to question the wisdom of the tribe. You might get stoned. On the other hand, some people might walk secretly up to you afterwards and tell you
47、 that they secretly agree. So heres a challenge to a few of our nations most widely held beliefs. You say these things in public at your own danger. I will be elaborating on these points over the months to come. Feel free to stone me or secretly agreeor, even better, add to the list. At the very least, theyre sure to start a good dinner-party fight.C. Margaret Atwood writes some really awful books. The queen of Canadian Literature dominates the literary world like a giant. Nobody has won more a
