1、大学英语四级阅读-31 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BReading Compreh(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSection A/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passag
2、e through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A new study finds that using fight-emitting ele
3、ctronic devices such as iPads and e-readers with illuminated screens in the hours before bedtime makes it harder to fall asleep and get the deep sleep you need to feel rested the next morning.For the study, researchers had people read for four hours in the evenings using either an iPad or a U U 1 /U
4、 /Uprinted book. Then at 10 p.m., it was lights out. The researchers U U 2 /U /Uthe participants levels of melatonin, a hormone that helps U U 3 /U /Uthe sleep cycle, as well as the amount of sleep they got and how alert they were the next morning.What they U U 4 /U /Uwas that people who read on the
5、 electronic tablets took 10 minutes longer to fall asleep and had U U 5 /U /Uless REM rapid eye movement deep sleep during the U U 6 /U /Uof the night, as compared to people who read on paper.In the morning, the e-reading group also found it harder to wake up and feel fully alerteven when theyd had
6、a full 8 hours of sleep.Doctors say adults need 7 to 9 hours of sleep to U U 7 /U /Uat their best, but about a third of Americans regularly get by on less. Sleep deprivation can take a serious toll on health; among other things, its been linked to an increase risk of heart disease, diabetes and mood
7、 problems.Not only that, lack of sleep is also U U 8 /U /Uwith weight gain. One recent study found children who dont get enough sleep are almost twice as U U 9 /U /Uto be obese by their teenage years.The study was U U 10 /U /UMonday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.A. publishedB
8、. probableC. voluntarilyD. discoveredE. functionF. numerousG. associatedH. courseI. establishmentJ. significantlyK. monitoredL. regularM. likelyN. regulateO. construct（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Ever wondered why some people seem to get all the luc
9、k? According to new research, its just a U U 11 /U /Uof mind. The experts have given us five U U 12 /U /Urules to help you make the most of lifes U U 13 /U /Uand turns.Mary Smith and her husband Charles had been searching for a countryside home for more than a year, but every house they saw was eith
10、er unsuitable or U U 14 /U /U. After one long Sunday of unsuccessful house hunting in Sussex, they were anxious to get home, but got U U 15 /U /Uat a traffic fight next to an old barn that was being renovated. A man in a hard hat looked over at us and mouthed: “Are you looking for a house?“ says Mar
11、y. On a whim (一时心血来潮), the couple got out to take a look and loved what they saw. Half an hour later, they agreed to buy the place. Mary and Charles could be considered fortunatethey U U 16 /U /Uinto the right person at the right time. But they agreed to investigate an unlikely prospect. Their open-
12、mindedness gave them a break.People who spot and U U 17 /U /Uopportunity are more open to lifes forking (分叉) paths, so they see possibilities that others miss. And if things dont work out the way they had hoped, they brush off disappointment and launch themselves U U 18 /U /Utoward the next fortunat
13、e circumstance. As a result, theyre happier and more U U 19 /U /Uto achieve their goals. Psychologists have been investigating why some people always seem to find U U 20 /U /Uopportunitieslike the friend who always lands on their feet. It seems there may be more to luck than mere chance and the late
14、st scientific insights can help us all lead luckier fives.A. seizeB. stuckC. harmonyD. goldenE. intensiveF. headlongG. twistsH. implementI. likelyJ. bumpedK. criteriaL. stateM. deliberatelyN. incredibleO. unaffordable（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、B
15、Section B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eac
16、h paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Two-thirds of Teachers Feel Undervalued, Says OECD StudyA Fewer than a third of teachers in developed countries feel their profession is valued, according to a major international study. B
17、ut the research from the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) reveals a wide cultural gapwith a much more positive perception of teacher status in Asia than in Europe. Teachers in England were above average in feeling valued, at 35%, unlike France where the figure was only 5
18、%. The OECDs Michael Davidson described these as “shocking statistics“.B. The OECD, responsible for Pisa tests comparing international education standards, has turned its attention to the state of teaching, examining the working lives of 100,000 teachers and heads in 34 education systems. The econom
19、ic think-tank argues that the quality of teaching, more than any other factor, determines the outcomes of an education system.C. But the reportTeaching and Learning International Survey (Talis)shows that many teachers do not feel that the importance of their role is recognised. Only 31% believed tha
20、t their work was valued by the rest of society. The report says that has implications for attracting young teachers into the profession.D. Within this average were some very wide differences. In Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore and Abu Dhabi there was a strong sense of teaching being highly respecte
21、d. In Europe, Finland was the only country where a majority of teachers were confident in the status of their job. The Netherlands and England were the next best valued in Europe. But there was a much gloomier outlook for teachers in France, Spain and Sweden, where more than nine out of 10 teachers
22、felt their profession was not respected. Despite this sense of being unappreciated, there were still high levels of job satisfactionwith a large majority saying they would choose teaching again as a career choice.E. The study provides an overview of the different working weeks. It shows that teacher
23、s in England are working 46 hours per week in term time, considerably above the international average of 38 hours, with only Singapore, 48 hours, and Japan, 54 hours, working longer. In contrast, teachers in Italy are only working 29 hours per week, with Finlands teachers working 32 hours. South Kor
24、eas teachers, with some of the best test results in the world, work 37 hours per week. The research includes a comparison of how much time is wasted in lessons because of bad behaviour. Poland has the best behaved pupils, according to this measure, losing 8% of lesson to poor behaviour, with Brazils
25、 pupils the most disruptive, losing 20%. England has less of a problem with discipline than most other countries, with teachers spending 11% of lesson time on poor behaviour.F. But a more detailed analysis inEnglands schools shows that higher achieving state schools, rated as outstanding, have less
26、disruption and more teaching time than weaker schools. And independent schools faced less disruption than state schools. In terms of more aggressive behaviour, in Brazil, Mexico, Australia and Sweden, there are reports of regular intimidation and verbal abuse towards teachers.G. The study examines h
27、ow teachers are deployedand whether the most experienced staff are where the need is greatest. The research reveals wide differences. In South Korea, the Netherlands and Chile, all high performing education systems in their regions, the most experienced teachers are more likely to be working in scho
28、ols with the most disadvantaged pupils. In England, the trend is in the opposite direction, with the most experienced staff less likely to be in these more challenging schools.H. The study also provides a profile of the teaching profession. Most are women, with the average age 43 years old. Apart fr
29、om Singapore, England has the youngest teaching force of any of the education systems in the survey. It has fewer head teachers over the age of 60 than any other developed country.I. The research found that many teachers were working in isolationa majority did not use “team teaching“ with another co
30、lleague and only a third observed other teachers lessons. Almost half did not receive any feedback from senior staff. The report says that job satisfaction is improved by a greater sense of participation and collaborative working. “We need to attract the best and brightest to join the profession,“ s
31、aid Andreas Schleicher, the OECDs education director.J. A spokeswoman for Englands Department for Education said: “There has never been a better time to be a teacherand there have never been more teachers in Englands classrooms, with a rise of 9,000 in the last year. “We are incredibly fortunate to
32、have many thousands of dedicated, hard-working teachers, committed to teaching excellence. Teaching is now one of the most attractive career paths for graduates, with a record number of top graduates now joining the profession.“K. Labours shadow education secretary Tristram Hunt said: “This report i
33、s more evidence that raising teacher quality improves childrens learning.“ He called for all teachers to be qualified and “undertake continued professional development throughout their careers“.（分数：10.00）(1).In England, low-achieving schools suffer greatly because of the lessons lost to keeping disc
34、ipline.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Teachers in Asia have a more positive perception of their status than their counterpart inEurope.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Most teachers in Finland show confidence in their job status.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).According to the study, it is necessary to promote close operation between
35、teachers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).The OECD maintains that the teaching quality plays an essential role in the education system.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).The young are likely to be discouraged to choose the profession of teaching if they feel teachers work is ignored by the society.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Women are
36、 fairly dominant in the teaching profession.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).InEngland, the most disadvantaged students may not receive education from the most experienced teachers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to the study, Japanese teachers work the longest hours, followed by Singaporean teachers.（分数：1.00）填空项
37、1:_(10).Continued professional development throughout the teachers careers would ultimately benefit the children.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_Academic Journals: The Most Profitable Obsolete(过时的)Technology in HistoryA. The music business was killed by Napster; movie theaters were derailed by digital streaming; tr
38、aditional magazines are in crisis modeyet in this digital information wild west: academic journals and the publishers who own them are posting higher profits than nearly any sector of commerce.B. Academic publisher Elsevier, which owns a majority of the influential academic journals, has higher oper
39、ating profits than Apple. In 2013, Elsevier posted 39 percent profits, according to Heather Morrison, assistant professor at the University of Ottawas School of Information Studies in contrast to the 37 percent profit that Apple displayed.C. This lucrative nature of academic publishing comes at a pr
40、iceand that weight falls on the shoulders of the full higher education community which is already bearing the burden of significantly decreasing academic budgets. “A large research university will pay between $3-3.5 million a year in academic subscription(订阅)feesthe majority of which goes to for-pro
41、fit academic publishers,“ says Sam Gershman, a postdoctoral fellow at MIT who assumes his post as an assistant professor at Harvard next year. In contrast to the exorbitant prices for access, the majority of academic journals are produced, reviewed, and edited on a volunteer basis by academics who t
42、ake part in the tasks for tenure and promotion.D. “Even the Harvard University Library, which is the richest university library in the world, sent out a letter to the faculty saying that they can no longer afford to pay for all the journal subscriptions,“ says Gershman. While this current publishing
43、 environment is hard on large research institutions, it is wreaking havoc(造成大破坏) on small colleges and universities because these institutions cannot afford access to current academic information. This is clearly creating a problematic situation.E. Paul Millette, director of the Griswold Library at
44、Green Mountain College, a small 650 student environmental liberal arts college in Vermont, talks of the enormous pressures access to academic journals have placed on his library budgets. “The cost-of-living has increased at 1.5 percent per year yet the journals we subscribe to have consistent increa
45、ses of 6 to 8 percent every year.“ Millette says he cannot afford to keep up with the continual increases and the only way his library can afford access to journal content now is through bulk databases. Millette points out that database subscription seldom includes the most recent, current material
46、and publishers purposefully have an embargo of one or two years to withhold the most current information so libraries still have a need to subscribe directly with the journals. “At a small college, that is what we just dont have the money to do. All of our journal content is coming from the aggregat
47、ed database packageslike a clearing house so to speak of journal titles,“ says Millette.F. “For Elsevier it is very hard to purchase specific journalseither you buy everything or you buy nothing,“ says Vincent Lariviere, a professor at University of Montreal. Lariviere finds that his university uses 20 per
