1、公共英语四级-41 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee has concluded that a novel new treatment can greatly help rheumatoid arthritis patients. The panel recommended approving Enbr
2、el for use alone in patients who haven“t responded to other drugs or in combination with methotrexate, a cancer drug that has been the main treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. The FDA must make a final decision by early November, and the drug“s maker says it could be on the market by year“s end. In
3、rheumatoid arthritis, which affects 2.1 million Americans, the immune system attacks healthy joints. A major wrongdoer in this process is a protein called “tumor killing factor“, or TNF, which interacts with a special molecule, or TNF receptor, on cells“ surfaces. To keep inflammation in check, cell
4、s normally release some receptors to mop up excess TNF, rendering it inactive. Apparently, rheumatoid arthritis patients don“t have enough free-floating TNF receptors. Enbrel consists of genetically engineered TNF receptors. In a six-month study, 234 patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis recei
5、ved one of two doses of Enbrel or a placebo (harmless substance given as if it were medicine) in twice-a-week injections. They took injections for six months. By the end, 40% of patients on the larger Enbrel dose saw symptoms, such as swelling and joint pain, cut in half. Only 5% on the placebo did
6、that well. The main side effect was minor irritation at the injection site. Because some TNF is needed for a normal immune response, there is at least a theoretical risk of infections or even cancer in patients who take Enbrel, so the FDA panel urged long-term safety studies. Last week, the FDA appr
7、oved Arava, an oral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis that is similar to methotrexate. While calling both Enbrel and Arava “potentially very important“, Brian Butcher, vice president for research at the Arthritis Foundation, notes they have been tested in relatively few patients. Butcher says their
8、 safety should be closely monitored once they“re widely available.（分数：15.00）(1).Enbrel as recommended by FDA advisory committee（分数：3.00）A.could be a substitute for methotrexate in the near future.B.might bring hope to rheumatoid arthritis patients.C.should be administered to all rheumatoid arthritis
9、 patients alike.D.would distinguish itself for its cancer-killing effect.(2).Which of the following is responsible for the inflammation of the joints?（分数：3.00）A.A special molecule on cell“s surface.B.A free-floating receptor.C.A tumor-killing protein.D.Inactive TNF.(3).We learn from Paragraph 6 that
10、（分数：3.00）A.Enbrel treatment in large doses could reduce the patients“ symptoms.B.arthritis patients presented symptoms after Enbrel treatment.C.arthritis patients with treatment of a placebo were rid of symptoms.D.only 5% on the placebo got symptoms such as swelling and joint pain.(4).The wide use o
11、f the new drug Enbrel relies much on（分数：3.00）A.justification of the new treatment.B.a new monitoring system.C.mass production of the drug.D.long-term safety studies.(5).Which of the following might be an appropriate title for the text?（分数：3.00）A.TNF and Immune SystemB.Enbrel versus MethotrexateC.Art
12、hritis Drug on Path to ApprovalD.Study on Rheumatoid Arthritis四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：15.00)How far away you are from retirement plays a large part in how you should invest your retirement money. According to Leslie Wright of Westminster Portfolio Services Ltd., there are three stages to a long-term regul
13、ar savings plan for retirement: capitalization, consolidation and conservation. In the first stage, people should be most concerned with building up their retirement savings investment. According to Wright, these investors can “take as aggressive an outlook as their nerves can stand,“ because at thi
14、s point there is little capital to risk. The second step, consolidation, makes up the bulk of your savings plan; balance the aggressive investments with some tamer ones, to better protect your existing possessions. The final change, from consolidation to conservation, when your investments should ai
15、m to preserve the capital you have, should take place one to three years before you retire. The exact timing of all these should take current market conditions into account, although Wright warns against risky betting on future growth. “Greed must not be allowed to blind prudence,“ he says. Whatever
16、 vehicles you choose for your retirement share-holding, be sure to take advantage of dollar-cost averaging. By investing a fixed amount at regular intervals, you“ll be able to avoid the risk of poorly timed investments by averaging out the peaks and valleys of the market. Plus, regular contributions
17、 will let you avoid the temptation to drop out when the market falls, and to buy too much when prices are high. Those who are well along the road to retirement may have cause for concern these days. The plunging stock and property markets have shrunk savings, for retirement and otherwise; and some p
18、eople have not planned for their retirement at all. You won“t be that rash, of course, but what if you“re already in mid-career and don“t have a retirement plan in place? If you don“t make some serious cuts in your spending and save heavily now, you“ll have to sacrifice in your golden years. Of cour
19、se, it“s better still to get off on the right foot by starting your planning early. “No one should have to compromise his living standards when he retires,“ says Wright. “Retirement is a time to really enjoy life. We have all worked so hard.“ And one of the things you should be working hard on fight
20、 now is planning for those days of enjoyment.（分数：15.00）(1).In the first stage of saving for retirement, people can take an aggressive investment strategy because（分数：3.00）A.they have a long-term regular savings plan in view.B.they can well stand losses that might occur.C.there is no risk in long-term
21、 investment.D.chances can balance possible risks.(2).To avoid the risk of poorly timed investments, one should（分数：3.00）A.adopt dollar-cost averaging strategy.B.set a limit to his investment at regular intervals.C.suppress the temptation to drop out untimely.D.stop buying shares when the prices are t
22、oo high.(3).What does the phrase “in your golden years“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) mean?（分数：3.00）A.Youth.B.Middle age.C.Mid-career.D.Old age.(4).The author might agree to the argument that（分数：3.00）A.one will have to change his spending habits when growing old.B.it“s far better to end up with too much mon
23、ey than not enough.C.it“s advisable to open a savings account instead of buying stock shares.D.people should spend less on living after their retirement.(5).Which of the following might be an appropriate title for the text?（分数：3.00）A.Savings StrategyB.Enjoy Your Later YearsC.Plan for RetirementD.Ris
24、ky Stock Market五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eve
25、ntually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles
26、of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the me
27、aning of life, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, educati
28、on, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in The Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Plato“s Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republic“s second class of pe
29、ople. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and other products for all the people of the republic. In Plato“s ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society. In 335 BC Plato“s student, Aristotle, founded his own
30、school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a l
31、ife of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes. In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocrates“s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history.
32、 They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrates“s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian.（分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following is true of the Sophists?（分数：3.00）A.Their teaching turned out to be persuasive.B.Their schoo
33、ls were located mostly in Athens.C.They undermined the morality of the society of their time.D.They exerted considerable influence over later generations.(2).Plato held that a perfect society should be one marked, among other things, by（分数：3.00）A.equality and freedom.B.democracy and liberality.C.int
34、ellect and hierarchy.D.evolution and flexibility.(3).Which of the following would have been one of Plato“s dislikes?（分数：3.00）A.Challenge to class divisions.B.Maintenance of political order.C.Obedience to the rulers.D.Acceptance to their social roles.(4).The followers of Isocrates might have shown li
35、ttle interest in（分数：3.00）A.morality.B.historical events.C.principles of a government.D.comedies.(5).Who might share a similar teaching focus to the Sophists?（分数：3.00）A.Aristotle.B.Isocrates.C.Plato.D.Socrates.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Overshadowed by rows over Nigeria and Lockerbie, the Commonwealth“s
36、 attempts to refocus on trade and investmentthe main theme of the Edinburgh heads of government meetingattracted little attention and even less praise. Hopes were high that the summit“s economic statement would be of similar weight to the Harare Declaration, issued in 1991 to map out a political age
37、nda for the ex-colonial club after the end of its preoccupation with the struggle against separateness. But the publication of the statement did little to divert attention from rows over the trial of two Lockerbie bomb suspects and over the decision by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMag
38、) not to impose new sanctions against Nigeria. CMag chose to ignore calls for Nigeria“s expulsion and the imposition of an oil embargo. They concluded that the situation would be reassessed if General Sani Abacha failed to honor his promise to hold fully democratic elections next October. The Prime
39、Minister, Tony Blair, was delighted with the six-page document, entitled Promoting Shared Prosperity. “It signals the end of ideology and reflects basic principles of economic and social justice,“ Downing Street said. “It would have been unthinkable only a short time ago.“ But the declaration produc
40、ed few surprises and many boring repetitions of statements based on affirmation of free market principles in the global economy. It was never going to be easy to bridge gaps between the Commonwealth“s 54 members, which include both wealthy countries, such as Britain, and some of the world“s poorest,
41、 such as Bangladesh. So Edinburgh stayed on safe ground, establishing four key principles: 1) The world economy should be geared towards promoting universal growth and prosperity for all; 2) There must be effective participation by all countries in economic decision-making; 3) The removal of obstacl
42、es that prevent developing countries from playing a full part in shaping the global economy; 4) International regimes affecting economic relations among nations should provide benefits for all. Caribbean members insisted on a reference to their troubles over banana exports threatened by a new World
43、Trade Organization ruling, and won recognition of their “legitimate interests“ and the need for help to diversify their economies. Practical measures included a decision to establish a Commonwealth Trade and Investment Access Facility to help developing countries take advantage of globalization. One
44、 additional source of revenue was opened up with the creation of a new fund for development in South Asian member countries. The Worldwide Fund for Nature said the Commonwealth had not matched its rhetoric about the dangers of globalisation by failing to promise higher-quality investment, protection
45、 for the environment and labour rights.（分数：15.00）(1).The word “rows“ (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably refers to（分数：3.00）A.groups of people,B.noisy arguments.C.subsequent events.D.tragic happenings.(2).It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that（分数：3.00）A.the Edinburgh summit failed to ha
46、ndle the issue of trade and investments.B.the Edinburgh summit strived to avoid public attention.C.the meeting in Edinburgh has intended to settle the issue of Nigeria.D.the efforts in Edinburgh harvested as much as those in Harare.(3).The six-page document Promoting Shared Prosperity（分数：3.00）A.acco
47、rded with free market principles in the global economy.B.justified its ideology with basic principles of economic and social justice.C.surprised the world with its boring repetitions of statements.D.paved the way for all member states to bridge gaps between them.(4).The Edinburgh meeting established
48、 four key principles including（分数：3.00）A.all nations should evenly benefit from the world economic growth.B.all developing countries should have full participation in shaping the global economy.C.wealthy countries should take the lead in developing the world economy.D.international regimes should be
49、 abolished in case they affect economic relations.(5).The Worldwide Fund for Nature“s comment on the Commonwealth“s behavior is（分数：3.00）A.approving.B.puzzled.C.neutral.D.critical.七、Part B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Three common ways of remembering are: repetition, association, and exaggeration. Repetition is the key to long term memory. 1 Physiologically, when brain cells are activated by the memory process, the nerve cell coating becomes thicker and thicker with each repetition, strengthening the electrical pathway in brain that constitutes memory. In addition, when associations between parts of a th
