1、公共英语四级-280 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Listening (总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)GALA CINEMA WEEK BEGINNING OCTOBER 22Studio One Voyage to JupiterPrograms at 2:30 and (1) Seat prices: 3 for adults and(2) for children, students and culture may affect the workability of a group proce
2、ss, although research shows that groups often come up with better solutions than individuals.Decision theory and the “ideal“ decision-making model tend to picture the process as one in which managers operate by themselves, free of restrictions of time, data, and resources. The reality of the decisio
3、n process is much less a step-by-step procedure than it is a series of practical considerations directly influenced by the social, cultural, and organizational environment.（分数：5.00）(1).The decision-making process is often influenced by（分数：1.00）A.the operational aspects of management.B.the theoretica
4、l aspects of management.C.the environment and structure of the organization.D.the method of decision-making itself.(2).The social and cultural background can affect（分数：1.00）A.the interaction among people involved in the decision.B.the cultural framework.C.the traditional life-time employment.D.the s
5、ocial and cultural restriction.(3).Which of the following is the least important factor that may alter the ideal decision-making process?（分数：1.00）A.The amount of flexibility within an organization.B.The control of data available.C.The amount of technical training the company can offer.D.The abundanc
6、e of resources.(4).Which of the following are factors that also influence decision-making?（分数：1.00）A.Time, creativity, environment.B.Time, creativity, risk.C.Creativity, risk, management.D.Time, risk, management.(5).Groups of experts often come up with（分数：1.00）A.better solutions than individuals.B.w
7、orse solutions than individuals.C.no solution at all.D.a lot of solutions.十、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Everyone knows that the world has too many people. But how many people are too many? By what standard is the Earth overpopulated? Certainly not in terms of living space. The worlds entire population c
8、ould fit into Jacksonville, Florida, in the USA, with everyone having standing room. Dense cities often are surrounded by nearly empty countryside. For overpopulation to be real, there must be conditions that are undesirable and unmistakably caused by the presence of a certain number of people. If s
9、uch indications cannot be found, we are entitled to dismiss the claim of overpopulation.In arguing their case, believers in overpopulation make references to a vague standard known as “carrying capacity“, colorfully illustrated with stories about bacteria and herds of zebras (anything but human bein
10、gs). Famine, deepening poverty, disease, environmental degradation and resource depletion. Yet on no account is there evidence to support the claim of overpopulation.In fact, during the 20th century there has been no famine that has not been caused by wars, irrational economic policies or natural di
11、sasters. Food is abundant and is becoming cheaper and more plentiful. That good news is due largely to technological advances (the “green revolution“) that have provided better seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and methods of farming. The only obstacles to agricultural progress are those created by gov
12、ernments. Imagine what the world would be like today if the fertile farmland of India or Russia had been in productive private hands operating in free markets for the past several decades. Since permitting market incentives in agriculture, India has become a net food exporter and China has experienc
13、ed a boom in agricultural production.Catastrophists argue that the bright past does not imply a bright future; they assert that mankind has crossed some fateful threshold. Those who annually predict imminent famine seize on any change as evidence that mans alleged strain on the environment is finall
14、y beginning to show. Thus, if the price of seafood rises, they announce that the seas are nearing exhaustion. They never consider the more plausible possibilities, such as the shift in diet from meat to fish, the decline of the Russian industry during the political break-up of the Soviet Union, or t
15、he lack of property rights in the worlds oceans and lakes.（分数：5.00）(1).In paragraph 1, the writer suggests that the worlds population（分数：1.00）A.would fit into one American city.B.has certainly become too big.C.has generally low standards.D.would be better off with more standing room.(2).The phrase “
16、such indications“ (Line 6, Paragraph 1) refers to（分数：1.00）A.densely-populated cities surrounded by nearly-empty countryside.B.overpopulation being real.C.an undesirable situation resulting from there being too many people,D.all the above.(3).The writer suggests that “carrying capacity“ (Line 2, Para
17、graph 2)（分数：1.00）A.is something that is best illustrated in animal books.B.is an accepted standard of overpopulation.C.has been the subject of many good stories.D.is a very unclear concept.(4).The writer suggests that there might be more agricultural advancements if（分数：1.00）A.government put up fewer
18、 obstacles.B.there was a green revolution.C.there were better seeds and methods of farming.D.there were more technological advances.(5).What point of view do “catastrophists“ hold?（分数：1.00）A.They consider fate is the only important viewpoint and ignore the future.B.They think we do not have a good f
19、uture.C.They try and predict natural disasters,D.They feel we should learn from our past experience.十一、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Although there had been an astonishing variety of small cameras developed, it was not until George Eastman introduced the Kodak in 1888 that the mass appeal of photography s
20、eized America and Europe and thereafter spread quickly to the far corners of the earth. Eastman called his new famous camera the Kodak for no particular reason except that he liked the word. It was easy to remember and could be pronounced in any language.An immediate consequence of Eastmans inventio
21、n was a blizzard of amateur photographs that soon became known as snapshots. The word was borrowed from hunters jargon. When a hunter fired a gun from the hip, without taking careful aim, it was described as a snapshot. Photographers referred to the process of taking pictures as shooting, and they w
22、ould take pride in a good days shoot the way country gentlemen would boast about the number of birds brought down in an afternoon.The Kodak made photography not only easy but fun. Almost overnight photography became one of the worlds most popular hobbies. A new and universal folk art was born; the s
23、howing of ones latest pictures and the creation of family albums became popular social pastimes. Camera clubs and associations numbered their members in the millions. One ardent amateur was the French novelist Emile Zola, who took innumerable photographs of his family, friends, and travels. Intervie
24、wed about his favorite hobby in 1900, he observed, “In my opinion you cannot say you have thoroughly seen anything until you have got a photograph of it.“The little black box“, as the Kodak was affectionately dubbed, revolutionized the way people communicated. “A picture is worth a thousand words“ w
25、as the claim and there were literally billions of pictures. In one year alone 1988, the centenary of the invention of the Kodak it is estimated that close to thirty billion were taken in the United States alone. The impact of the sale of photographic equipment on the economy is equally mind-boggling
26、.Photography has played an essential role in the media revolution. It has vastly enhanced our ability to convey information, so that the concept of the global village has become a commonplace. Photographs have immeasurably extended our understanding of and compassion for our fellow human beings.Did
27、Mr. Eastman have the faintest idea of the power residing in his “little black box“?（分数：5.00）(1).What was the underlying significance of the invention of the Kodak?（分数：1.00）A.It made the work of professionals more enjoyable.B.It made picture-taking suddenly popular among ordinary people.C.It marked t
28、he beginning of manufacturing small cameras.D.It met the need of photographers in America and Europe.(2).Snapshot, as is explained in the passage, refers to（分数：1.00）A.the shooting of birds by hunters.B.the whole process of taking pictures.C.pictures taken at random.D.pictures that were taken after c
29、areful preparation.(3).Which of the following is NOT a result brought out by the Kodak according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.A new folk art came into existence.B.Enjoying pictures became a popular hobby.C.The number of professional photographers increased quickly.D.Camera clubs and associations flouri
30、shed.(4).From context clues, we can guess that the word “centenary“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) means（分数：1.00）A.celebration.B.one hundred years.C.a noteworthy year.D.an annual celebration.(5).The popularity of photography has not only revolutionized the way people communicate, but it has（分数：1.00）A.benefit
31、ed the economy to a large extent.B.increased the efficiency of information conveyance.C.improved the understanding between human beings.D.All of the above.十二、Part B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)To begin with, let us try to pin down exactly what publishers mean when they talk about “good writing“ for children. A u
32、seful starting point would be to take a look at some of the childrens books which won literary prizes last year. Reading these books is one of the easiest and most enjoyable ways of: (a) finding out what individual publishers are publishing at the moment, and (b) learning a few tricks of the trade f
33、rom well-established professionals. 61) It goes without saying, of course, that slavishly copying the style and subject matter of a successful author is usually a recipe for disaster. Nor should you become downhearted after reading a particularly brilliant piece of work, and miserably think you will
34、 never be able to match up to those standards. 62) Remember, overnight success is rare most successful childrens authors will have struggled long and hard to learn their trade. Read these books as a critic; note down the things you enjoyed or admired, as well as areas where you feel there was possib
35、ly room for improvement. After all, nobody is perfect, not even a successful, prize-winning author.Possibly the toughest challenge is right at the youngest end of the age range the picture book. 63) The would-be author/illustrator is attempting to create an exciting story out of the narrow, limited,
36、 everyday world of a young childs experience not easy at all. The whole storyline has to be strong enough to keep the reader turning the pages, yet simple enough to fit into a few pages. 64) Another problem for the new picture-book author is that it can seem that every subject and every approach has
37、 been done to death, with nothing new left to say. Added to this, printing costs are high because of full color illustrations, which means that the publisher will probably want a text that suits the international market to increase sales, and a novel for ten-year olds, with hardly any pictures at al
38、l, starts to look much more inviting.So, to return to the question asked at the beginning: What exactly is “good writing“ for children? 65) The answer is that it is writing which is fresh, exciting and unpredictable, and which gives a new and original angle on what might be a well- worn subject. But
39、 do not be put off if you feel that you simply cannot match up to all these requirements. While there is obviously no substitute for talent, and the ability to come up with suitable ideas, many of the techniques for improving and polishing your manuscript can be learned.（分数：15.00）_十三、Section Writing
40、(总题数：1，分数：25.00)1.Manners are very often referred to as “the lubricating oil of the society“. Write an essay on the topic “The Importance of Good Manners“. Your essay should include the following two main points:1) The lack of good manners in the present society;2) The importance of good manners.You
41、 should write 160-200 words.（分数：25.00）_公共英语四级-280 (1)答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Listening (总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)GALA CINEMA WEEK BEGINNING OCTOBER 22Studio One Voyage to JupiterPrograms at 2:30 and (1) Seat prices: 3 for adults and(2) for children, students then they begin f
42、orming two-word combinations: “all gone,“ “more milk,“ “see doggie.“ Childrens two word combinations are so similar the world over that they read like translations of one another. Between the age of two and three, children can form complete sentences and have mastered the basis of grammar. Can you b
43、elieve it? A two-and-a-half-year-old toddler is a grammatical genius, and all without studying a single rule! Typically, four-year-olds know some 15,000 words and can form very sophisticated sentences. Even their mistakes are very logical: “I saw two mans“ or “We goed to grammas house.“So, how does
44、this all happen? Well, there are several conflicting theories about language acquisition, but unfortunately, there just isnt time to discuss them today, so well take them up in Wednesdays class. In the meantime, please read Chapter Eight in your textbook. See you Wednesday.(2).What is the main topic
45、 of this talk?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Child language development）解析：(3).When do children first begin to make language-like noises?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：2-4 months old）解析：(4).At what age do most children begin to master the basics of grammar?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Two and three/2 and 3）解析：(5).What do
46、es the speaker say about the grammatical mistakes that four-year-olds make?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Very logical）解析：四、Part C(总题数：3，分数：10.00)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about the history of daylight saving time.（分数：3.00）(1).According to the speaker, when are clocks in the United Sta
47、tes set back?（分数：1.00）A.In the spring.B.In the summer.C.In the fall. D.In the winter.解析：听力原文 11-13Twice a year, all the clocks in the United States are changed by one hour. In the spring, clocks are moved ahead an hour. This is called daylight saving time. In the fall, clocks are set back an hour to standard time. People remember how to change their clocks by remembering this saying: Spring forward, fall back. It seems Benjamin Franklin was the first person to propose the idea of daylight saving time, back in the 1790s. At that time, people tho
