1、托福-18 及答案解析(总分：119.04，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、PART (总题数：1，分数：10.40)Reading 1 “Rising Sea Levels“Perhaps the most pervasive climatic effect of global warming is rapid escalation of ice melt. Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, portions of the South American Andes, and the Himalayas will very li
2、kely lose most of their glacial ice within the next two decades, affecting local water resources. Glacial ice continues its retreat in Alaska. NASA scientists determined that Greenlands ice sheet is thinning by about 1 m per year. The additional meltwater, especially from continental ice masses and
3、glaciers, is adding to a rise in sea level worldwide. Satellite remote sensing is monitoring global sea level, sea ice, and continental ice. Worldwide measurements confirm that sea level rose during the last century.Surrounding the margins of Antarctica, and constituting about 11% of its surface are
4、a, are numerous ice shelves, especially where sheltering inlets or bays exist. Covering many thousands of square kilometers, these ice shelves extend over the sea while still attached to continental ice. The loss of these ice shelves does not significantly raise sea level, for they already displace
5、seawater. The concern is for the possible surge of grounded continental ice that the ice shelves hold back from the sea.Although ice shelves constantly break up to produce icebergs, some large sections have recently broken free. In 1998 an iceberg (150 km by 35 km) broke off the Ronne Ice Shelf, sou
6、theast of the Antarctic Peninsula. In March 2000 an iceberg tagged B-15 broke off the Ross Ice Shelf (some 90 longitude west of the Antarctic Peninsula), measuring 300 km by 40 km. Since 1993, six ice shelves have disintegrated in Antarctica. About 8000 km of ice shelf are gone, changing maps, freei
7、ng up islands to circumnavigation, and creating thousands of icebergs. The Larsen Ice Shelf, along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, has been retreating slowly for years. Larsen-A suddenly disintegrated in 1995. In only 35 days in early 2002, Larsen-B collapsed into icebergs. This ice loss
8、is likely a result of the 2.5 temperature increase in the region in the last 50 years. In response to the increasing warmth, the Antarctic Peninsula is sporting new vegetation growth, previously not seen there. A loss of polar ice mass, augmented by melting of alpine and mountain glaciers (which exp
9、erienced more than a 30% decrease in overall ice mass during the last century) will affect sea-level rise. The IPCC assessment states that “between one-third to one-half of the existing mountain glacier mass could disappear over the next hundred years.“ Also, “there is conclusive evidence for a worl
10、dwide recession of mountain glaciers. This is among the clearest and best evidence for a change in energy balance at the Earths surface since the end of the 19th century.“Sea-level rise must be expressed as a range of values that are under constant reassessment. The 2001 IPCC forecast for global mea
11、n sea-level rise this century, given regional variations, is from 0.11-0.88 m. The median value of 0.48 m is two to four times the rate of previous increase. These increases would continue beyond 2100 even if greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized. （分数：10.40）(1).The word confirm in the passage
12、 is closest in meaning toA. clarifyB. proveC. assumeD. predict（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).There is more new plant life in Antarctica recently becauseA. the mountain glaciers have meltedB. the land masses have split into islandsC. the icebergs have broken into smaller piecesD. the temperature has risen by a
13、 few degrees（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).It may be inferred from this passage that icebergs are formedA. by a drop in ocean temperaturesB. when an ice shelf breaks freeC. if mountain glaciers meltD. from intensely cold islands（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).The word there in the passage refers toA. polar ice mass in t
14、he last 50 yearsB. the temperature increaseC. new vegetation growthD. in the Antarctic Peninsula（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).In paragraph 4, the author explains the loss of polar and glacial ice byA. stating an educated opinionB. referring to data in a studyC. comparing sea levels worldwideD. presenting his
15、 research（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(6).The word conclusive in the passage is closest in meaning toA. definiteB. independentC. uniqueD. valuable（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(7).The word range in the passage is closest in meaning toA. functionB. scaleC. versionD. lack（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(8).Why does the author mention the Sc
16、ripps Institute of Oceanography in paragraph 6?A. The location near the coast endangers the Scripps facility.B. Research at Scripps indicates that the ocean is getting warmer.C. One quarter of the rising sea levels has been recorded at Scripps.D. Records at Scripps have been kept for nearly one hund
17、red years.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(9).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.A. Global warming on the surface of the planet may have been retarded during the last hundre
18、d years because heat in the atmosphere was absorbed by the oceans.B. Global warming on the surface of the ocean was greater than it was on the rest of the planet during the past century because of heat in the atmosphere.C. Too much heat in the atmosphere has caused global warming on the surface of t
19、he planet for the past hundred years in spite of the moderation caused by the oceans.D. There is less heat being absorbed by the oceans now than there was a hundred years ago before the atmosphere began to experience global warming.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(10).According to paragraph 7, why will people move
20、 away from the coastlines in the future?A. It will be too warm for them to live there.B. The coastlines will have too much vegetation.C. Flooding will destroy the coastal areas.D. No agricultural crops will be grown on the coasts.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(11).Which of the following statements most accuratel
21、y reflects the authors opinion about rising sea levels?A. Sea levels would rise without global warming.B. Rising sea levels can be reversed.C. The results of rising sea levels will be serious.D. Sea levels are rising because of new glaciers.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that show wh
22、ere the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.During the last century, sea level rose 10-20 cm, a rate 10 times higher than the average rate during the last 3000 years.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.A. Square .B. Square .C
23、. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express
24、ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Global warming is causing a rise in sea levels, with accompanying changes in coastal boundaries as well as social and economic ramifications._Answer ChoicesA. The ice shelf called Larsen-A
25、 suddenly disintegrated in 1995.B. Thermal expansion due to the warming of ocean water will cause about one quarter of the rise in sea level,C. Continental ice shelves and grounded ice sheets from Antarctica to the Polar cap are melting into the oceans.D. Beginning in 1916, the Scripps Institute of
26、Oceanography in California has documented ocean temperatures.E. The melting of glacial ice on high mountain ranges will affect regional water resources worldwide.F. Scientists at NASA have concluded that the ice sheet in Greenland is melting at a rate of about 1 meter every year.（分数：0.80）填空项 1:_三、PA
27、RT (总题数：2，分数：19.20)Reading 2 “Organic Architecture“One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the fir
28、m headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create “architecture of democracy.“ Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1
29、893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as “natural“ and “organic,“ Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a “free“ space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroun
30、dings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity: “Classic architecture was all fixation Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component p
31、arts of each other? . This ideal, profound in its architectural implications. I called. continuity.“Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fab
32、ric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture. Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a “prairie house.“ Wright concei
33、ved the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwests great flatlands. Abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entran
34、ce. Wright filled the “wandering“ plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace. (He believed strongly in the hearths age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and
35、 strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out. He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determin
36、ed the exterior wall placement. The exteriors sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the designs spaces. （分数：8.84）(1).Frank Lloyd Wright took inspiration f
37、or his work fromA. the designs in classical architectureB. Jeffersons home near WashingtonC. educational blocks by Friedrich FroebelD. a trip to Japan when he was a young man（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(2).What did Wright mean by the term “organic?“A. FixationB. IdealC. ContinuityD. Classic（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(3)
38、.The phrase his own in the passage refers toA. styleB. originalityC. workD. plan（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(4).The word conceived in the passage is closest in meaning toA. utilizedB. noticedC. createdD. examined（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(5).The word Abandoning in the passage is closest in meaning toA. InfluencingB. Mo
39、difyingC. PerfectingD. Discontinuing（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(6).It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the author gives details for the design of the Robie House becauseA. the design included both indoor and outdoor plansB. Robie House included many of Wrights original ideasC. all of the accessories of t
40、he house were included in the designD. Wright lived in Robie House between 1907 and 1909（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(7).The word prime in the passage is closest in meaning toA. most importantB. most numerousC. most commonD. most accepted（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(8).How was “Fallingwater“ different from the “Robie Hous
41、e“?A. “Fallingwater“ was an earlier example of naturalism than “Robie House.“B. “Fallingwater“ was much smaller than “Robie House“ because it was a retreat.C. “Fallingwater“ was better suited to the site with views through huge windows.D. “Fallingwater“ was built with an open floor plan, unlike “Rob
42、ie House./（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(9).According to paragraph 5, why did Wright begin to build smaller versions of his prairie designs?A. To publish his plans in EuropeB. To give the middle class a good designC. To help younger architects with their workD. To begin a revolution in architecture（分数：0.68）A.B.C
43、.D.(10).According to paragraph 5, Wrights work became well known in Europe becauseA. his plans were published and he held exhibitionsB. he visited several universities and gave lecturesC. his revolutionary ideas appealed to younger architectsD. he was already very famous in the United States（分数：0.68
44、）A.B.C.D.(11).According to the passage, a prairie house has all of the following features EXCEPTA. a central fireplaceB. enclosed patiosC. an inviting entranceD. strip windows（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.Wright
45、 matched his new and fundamental interior spatial arrangement in his exterior treatment.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.68）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of
46、the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question
47、is worth 2 points.By 1900, Frank Lloyd Wright had developed a unique style of architecture._Answer ChoicesA. Wright spent a few years extending his influence to Europe where he was well known.B. Frank Lloyd Wright had attended the University of Wisconsin prior to taking a position with a Chicago fir
48、m.C. Wright became famous for spaces that were true to their organic functions.D. “Fallingwater,“ like other suburban and country homes that Wright built, joined the structure to the natural setting.E. Wright was interested in the design of German building blocks for children created by Friedrich Fr
49、oebel.F. Robie House and other buildings in Chicago were examples of an organic structure called a “prairie house.“（分数：0.68）填空项 1:_Reading 3 “New Women of the Ice Age“The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously ove
