1、托福-24 及答案解析(总分：119.94，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：2，分数：9.75)MASS WASTING PROCESSES1 The downslope movement of rock, mud, or other material under the influence of gravity is known as mass wasting. While the angle of the slope is a major factor in the potential for mass wasting, the
2、 slope is not the sole determiner of mass wasting events. Water plays a significant role, especially where it is plentiful during the rainy season. Earthquakes may cause rockslides, mudflows, and other mass movements. Factors such as the presence or absence of vegetation and human activities can als
3、o influence the potential for mass wasting. 2 One way to classify mass wasting processes is on the basis of the material involved, such as rock, debris, earth, or mud. The manner in which the material moves is also important and is generally described as a fall, a slide, or a flow. A fall occurs whe
4、n weathering loosens boulders from cliffs or rock faces, causing the boulders to break away and fall. A slide takes place whenever material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface. A flow involves the movement of debris containing a large amount of water. 3 Many mass wasting p
5、rocesses are described as slides. Rockslides occur when a coherent mass of rock breaks loose and slides down a slope as a unit. If the material involved is mostly separate pieces, it is called a debris slide. Slides are among the fastest and most destructive mass movements. Usually rockslides occur
6、in a geologic setting where the rock layers are inclined, or where there are joints and fractures in the rock that are parallel to the slope. When such a rock unit is undercut at the base of the slope, it loses support and the rock eventually collapses. Rain or snowmelt can trigger a rockslide by we
7、tting the underlying surface to the point that friction can no longer hold the rock in place. The fastest type of slide is a rock avalanche, in which a mass of rock literally floats on air as it moves downslope. The high speed of a rock avalanche is the result of air becoming trapped and compressed
8、beneath the falling mass of debris, allowing it to move down the slope as a buoyant sheet. 4 Mudflows are relatively rapid mass wasting events that involve soil and a large amount of water. Because of their fluid properties, mudflows follow canyons and stream channels. Mudflows often take place in s
9、emiarid mountainous regions and on the slopes of some volcanoes. Although rainstorms in semiarid regions are infrequent, they are typically heavy when they occur. When a rainstorm or rapidly melting snow creates a sudden flood, large quantities of soil and loose rock are washed into nearby stream ch
10、annels because there is usually little or no vegetation to anchor the surface material. The result is a flowing mass of well-mixed mud, soil, rock, and water. The consistency of the mudflow may be similar to that of wet concrete, or it may be a soupy mixture not much thicker than muddy water. The wa
11、ter content influences the rate of flow across the surface. When a mudflow is dense, it moves more slowly, but it can easily carry or push large boulders, trees, and even houses along with it. 5 In dry mountainous areas such as southern California, mudflows are a serious hazard to development on and
12、 near canyon hillsides. The removal of native vegetation by brush fires has increased the probability of these destructive events. Past mudflows have contributed to the buildup of fan-shaped deposits at canyon mouths. Such fans are relatively easy to build on and often have scenic views, so many hav
13、e become desirable sites for residential development. However, because mudflows occur infrequently, homeowners are often unaware of the potential danger of building on the site of a previous mudflow. 6 Highly fluid, fast-flowing mudflows incorporate fine-grained sediment and are common after volcani
14、c eruptions that produce large volumes of volcanic ash. Mudflows containing volcanic debris are called lahars, a word originating in Indonesia, a region that experiences many volcanic eruptions. Lahars occur when highly unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated with water and flow down stee
15、p volcanic slopes along stream channels. In the northwestern United States, the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 created several lahars that raced down the valley of the Toutle River, altering the landscape in a relatively short period.（分数：7.80）(1).All of the following are given as factors in ma
16、ss wasting EXCEPT Athe angle of the slope Bthe presence of water Cthe absence of plants Dthe type of mineral（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(2).The name of a mass wasting process is a reflection of Athe area in which the movement occurs Bthe material that is moved and the way it moves Cthe rate of movement relativ
17、e to other processes Dthe mass and volume of the material involved（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(3).The word trigger in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to Aprevent Bimitate Ccause Ddecrease（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does a rock avalanche move faster than other types of rockslides? AThe rock moves over a layer of
18、 compressed air. BThe rainfall is heavy where avalanches occur. CThe rock breaks apart as it moves downslope. DThe angle of the slope is almost vertical.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(5).The word buoyant in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to Afloating Bdangerous Cheavy Dsticky（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(6).The word anch
19、or in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to Apush Breplace Chold Dimprove（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(7).The word that in paragraph 4 refers to Aresult Bconsistency Cmudflow Dmixture（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(8).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 5? Inc
20、orrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. AFire has destroyed much of the original vegetation, so mudflows are now more likely. BMore damage to vegetation is caused by brush fires than by any other natural event. CIt is necessary to remove dead and damag
21、ed vegetation after a mudflow but not after a fire. DFires occur frequently in areas where the vegetation has been cleared for development.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(9).What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about mudflows in some parts of southern California? AMudflows rarely occur more than once in the same
22、 location. BMudflows cause the worst damage in areas that are heavily forested. CMudflows occur more often than other natural disasters such as fires. DMudflows are so dangerous because people do not expect them to occur.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(10).It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that lahars Acontain
23、less water than other mudflows Boccur in Indonesia Care relatively harmless events Dcause volcanic eruptions（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(11).Why does the author use the word raced in paragraph 6 while describing the lahars caused by the eruption of Mount St. Helens? ATo show that lahars are faster than rock av
24、alanches BTo state ironically that lahars do not actually move quickly CTo emphasize the fast speed of lahars DTo explain why people could not outrun the mudflows（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares,*,*, *, and *, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. W
25、here would the sentence best fit? Thus, rockslides occur more frequently during the spring, when heavy rains and melting snow are most prevalent. Many mass wasting processes are described as slides. Rockslides occur when a coherent mass of rock breaks loose and slides down a slope as a unit. * If th
26、e material involved is largely unconsolidated, it is called a debris slide. Slides are among the fastest and most destructive mass movements. Usually rockslides occur in a geologic setting where the rock layers are inclined, or where there are joints and fractures in the rock that are parallel to th
27、e slope. * When such a rock unit is undercut at the base of the slope, it loses support and the rock eventually collapses. Rain or snowmelt can trigger a rockslide by wetting the underlying surface to the point that friction can no longer hold the rock in place. * The fastest type of slide is a rock
28、 avalanche, in which a mass of rock literally floats on air as it moves downslope. The high speed of a rock avalanche is the result of air becoming trapped and compressed beneath the falling mass of debris, allowing it to move down the slope as a buoyant sheet. *（分数：0.65）填空项 1:_Select the appropriat
29、e phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of mass wasting to which they refer. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer Choices AOccur when a mass of rock moves downslope as a unit BInvolve the mass movement of soil containing a large amo
30、unt of water CMay have the consistency of wet concrete or soup DOccur where sloping rock layers have cracks parallel to the slope EOccur when a layer of snow breaks loose and moves rapidly downslope FInclude the transportation of organic materials by wind and water GFloat on a thin layer of air as t
31、hey move rapidly down a mountain HMove slowly but with enough force to carry away trees and houses IOccur on slopes where layers of volcanic debris become extremely wet（分数：2.00）(1).Rockslides_ _ _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Mudflows _ _ _ _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Set 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)THE TRIANGLE FACTORY FIRE1 Th
32、e fire at the Triangle Waist Company in New York City was one of the worst workplace disasters in the history of labor. The incident highlighted the inhumane working conditions faced by many industrial workers, including low wages, excessively long hours, and an unsanitary and dangerous work environ
33、ment. The Triangle Waist Company, a shirt factory, was a typical sweatshop in the heart of New Yorks garment district. Most of the workers were women, some as young as 15 years old, mostly recent Italian and European Jewish immigrants who had come to the United States with their families to seek a b
34、etter life. Already struggling with a new language and culture, these workers could not speak out about working conditions for fear of losing their desperately needed jobs, and this forced them to endure exploitation by the factory owners. 2 On March 25, 1911, one of the five hundred employees of th
35、e Triangle Waist factory noticed that a rag bin near her eighth-floor workstation was on fire. She and her co-workers immediately tried to extinguish the flames, but their efforts proved futile, and piles of fabric ignited all over the eighth floor. The factory manager ordered his employees to unrol
36、l the fire extinguisher hose, but they found it rotted and useless. Panic erupted as the fire spread. 3 The shirt factory occupied the top three floors of the ten-story Asch Building. The seventy employees who worked on the tenth floor escaped the fire by way of the staircases or by climbing onto th
37、e roof, where students from New York University, located across the street, stretched ladders over to the Asch Building. The 260 workers on the ninth floor had the worst luck of all. Although the eighth-floor workers tried to warn them by telephone, the call did not reach them, and by the time the n
38、inth-floor workers learned about the fire, their routes of escape were mostly blocked. When they found many of the exit doors locked, some managed to climb down the cables of the freight elevator. Others crammed into one narrow stairway. Still others climbed onto the single, inadequately constructed
39、 fire escape. However, the fire escape led nowhere, and it bent under the weight of hundreds of workers trying to escape. The spindly structure separated from the wall, falling to the ground and carrying many people with it. 4 To combat the disaster, the New York Fire Department sent thirty-five pie
40、ces of equipment, including a hook and ladder. The young women trapped on the ninth floor waited on the window ledges to be rescued, only to discover that the ladder, fully raised, stopped far below them at the sixth floor. Water from the hoses could not reach the top floors, and many workers chose
41、to jump to their deaths rather than to burn alive. Within minutes, the factory was consumed by flame, killing 146 workers, mostly immigrant women. City officials set up a temporary morgue in a building on 26th Street, and over the next few days streams of survivors filed through the building to iden
42、tify the dead. 5 The ten-story Asch Building was a firetrap typical of the working conditions of the period, and the Triangle fire tragically illustrated that fire inspections and safety precautions were very inadequate. The victims of the fire were trapped by the lack of fire escapes and by managem
43、ents practice of locking the exit doors during work hours. The incident had a profound impact on womens unionism and job safety, affecting local and national politics in the process. An era of progressive reform began to sweep the nation, as people decided that government had a responsibility to ens
44、ure that private industry protected the welfare of workers. There was a public outcry for laws to regulate workplace safety. The New York Factory Investigating Commission was formed to examine the conditions in factories throughout the state, and their report led to many new regulations in the years
45、 following the fire. 6 The fire at the Triangle Waist Company highlighted the excesses of industrialism. The tragedy remains in the collective memory of the labor movement, and the victims of the tragedy are still honored as martyrs at the hands of industrial greed.（分数：10.01）(1).All of the following
46、 characterized the factory of the Triangle Waist Company EXCEPT Aunsafe working conditions Ba large number of female workers Ca strong labor union Dworkrooms on three floors（分数：0.77）A.B.C.D.(2).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1?
47、Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ABecause they did not speak the same language as the factory owners, the workers were not able to discuss conditions in the factory. BLanguage and culture were serious problems in the workplace, but workers we
48、re even more afraid of being exploited by the factory owners. CThe factory owners forced the workers to learn a new language and culture because it was necessary for them to succeed in their jobs. DThe workers experienced cultural difficulties, poor conditions, and exploitation without complaint bec
49、ause they needed their jobs.（分数：0.77）A.B.C.D.(3).The word ignited in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to Adisappeared Bcaught fire Cexploded Dwere thrown out（分数：0.77）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does the author mention the fire extinguisher hose in paragraph 2? ATo emphasize the unsafe working conditions BTo show the managers leadership skills CTo illustrate the factorys modem technology DTo explai
