1、托福-37 及答案解析(总分：120.04，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSet 1/B(总题数：2，分数：7.00)DADA AND POP ART1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality and anarchy. It
2、 rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. The movements founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 19
3、16 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a Uhobby-horse/U, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art. 2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the
4、conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of “found“ objects in sculptures and installations. The Uforerunner/U of the Dadaists, and ultima
5、tely their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first “ready-made,“ the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready- mades-manufactured objects that he selec
6、ted and exhibited-including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthet
7、ic standards. 3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead of rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced Uthem/U. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads
8、, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between “high“ and “low“ art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before. 4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Po
9、p to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters-a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars
10、. UPop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses/U. 5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies.of the least “arty“ things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was
11、 the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco. 6 Andy Warhol, more than any other
12、Pop artist, Utook on/U the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbells Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, s
13、ame paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhols work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this Uglut/U of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this an
14、d embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity-a famous brand name or the image of a famous person-had completely replaced sacredness in art. Glossary: anarchy: absence of any form of authority; disorder; confusion aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic（分数：6.00）(1).Accordi
15、ng to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was to A. stimulate public interest in art B. change the goals of art education C. destroy traditional standards of art D. make mass media the subject of art（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The author mentions a Uhobby-horse/U in paragraph 1 in order to A. e
16、xplain the origin of the name “Dada“ B. illustrate how Dadaists created art C. compare art to a childrens game D. give an example of a “ready-made“（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was by A. refusing to fight in the First World War B. writing
17、 plays about social class C. using “found“ objects in works of art D. criticizing the commercial media（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word Uforerunner/U in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A. leading writer B. earliest artist C. main critic D. fastest runner（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage gives all of
18、 the following as examples of“ready-mades“ EXCEPT A. a bicycle wheel B. a bottle rack C. a soup can D. a comb（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The word Uthem/U in paragraph 3 refers to A. the Dadaists B. standards and values C. ordinary things D. the young artists（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).It can be inferred from para
19、graph 3 that the Pop artists A. reacted against the Dada movement B. were more popular than the Dadaists C. criticized art for being too commercial D. succeeded in changing ideas about art（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence i
20、n paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media. B. The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture. C. The mass media quickly r
21、eached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art. D. Large numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists? A. Marcel Duchamp B. Lawrence AUoway C. Roy Lichtenst
22、ein D. Andy Warhol（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).The phrase Utook on/U in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to A. hated B. was afraid of C. invented D. responded to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).The word Uglut/U in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to A. excess B. definition C. fear D. absence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Lo
23、ok at the four squares, , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen. Dada emerged from
24、despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of“found“ objects in sculptures and installa
25、tions. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first “ready- made,“ the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with the
26、se ready-mades- manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited-including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. （分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movemen
27、t that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and television B. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the chang
28、ing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used “found“ objects an
29、d “ready-mades“ in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous people（分数：1.00）(1).Dada_ _ _（分数：0.50）填空项 1:_(2).Pop Art_ _ _ _（分数：0.50）填空项 1:_三、BSet 2/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion a
30、cres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of th
31、e nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained. 2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, i
32、n the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of
33、old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River. 3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North Americas abundance of wood, as iron ma
34、kers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until Uthey/U were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton
35、of iron. Thus, the Utoll/U on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry. 4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a Uvoracious/U ap
36、petite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of“Uwood hawks/U“ along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Conse
37、quently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests. 5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion Usurged/U, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the “iron horses,“ which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of
38、woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and e
39、ach additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties. 6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. UMore than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century-from log cabins to clapboard cottages-were built mai
40、nly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles./U All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year. 7 Throughout the century, t
41、he timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fu
42、eled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of
43、the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.（分数：7.02）(1).What point does the author make about deforestation in North America? A. It occurred mostly within a single century. B. It changed how people thought
44、 about trees. C. It provided jobs in several related industries. D. It caused an economic crisis in two countries.（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPT A. the expansion of agriculture B. an increase in forest fires C. the use of charc
45、oal as a fuel D. steamboat transportation（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(3).The word Uthey/U in paragraph 3 refers to A. furnaces B. logs C. kilns D. forests（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does the author use the word Utoll/U in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3? A. To show that the process of smelting iron wa
46、s expensive B. To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industry C. To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxes D. To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(5).The word Uvoracious/U in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. varying B. greed
47、y C. strange D. moderate（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(6).The phrase “Uwood hawks/U“ in paragraph 4 describes A. a type of riverboat B. a species of tree C. people who sold wood D. large woodland birds（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(7).The word Usurged/U in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A. stopped B. competed C. fluctuated D. increased（分数：0.54）A.B.C.D.(8).It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that “iron horses“ wer
