1、托福-7 (1)及答案解析(总分：109.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：2，分数：6.00)CivilizationBefore about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth and c
2、reated languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental
3、architecture and the formation of states and empires.Historians usually begin the story of civilization with accounts of the worlds first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than
4、about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones and pottery.With the ability to build cities and record thoughts came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beingswho had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that
5、 a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one sideprogressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later from railways to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live longer, more comfortable lives.Civilization also broug
6、ht new ills to humanity. In the 20th century it brought nuclear warfare, global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modern civilizations, primitive people lived close to the sound
7、s and smells of forest and grasslands. They looked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century the American writer, philosopher and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere s
8、eparates humanity from primitive virtue. “Most of the luxuries“, he argued, “and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind.“ Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives. (A) To live well and happily
9、 usually doesnt mean to live very luxuriously, the material enjoyment and much expense can satisfy you to some extent, but to enjoy a simple life also can make you feel fine and comfortable, something in your mind or in your spiritual world can bring more or influence much on your life and your happ
10、iness value. (B) They expressed this sense of regret in the story of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary to the wishes of other gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy such blessings without cost, and so th
11、ey sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow and other evils. (C) From then on, the world wasnt quiet or fortunate all the time, some people suffered from them and always got punished in one way or other. The people began to pay as well as they gain some achievement during the
12、progress process. Human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests and persecuted religious minorities. (D) But civilizations have also achieved wonders.We cannot list with words all the achievements of the human beings wi
13、th the help and development of civilization. The abilities of writing and reading can spread one kind of culture or invention to other places, and advanced science and technology have allowed human beings to enjoy much more convenient and interesting lives. With many inventions of modern life, many
14、places where people could not reach before can be explored and developed by human beings and many new materials with very good properties can improve peoples lives and help do many jobs which were thought very difficult or impossible before.（分数：5.50）(1).The word cornerstone in Paragraph 1 is closest
15、 in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.foundationB.centralizationC.backboneD.milestone(2).The word account in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.narrationB.countingC.notationD.reference(3).According to Paragraph 1, which of the following represented human civilization?（分数：0.50）A.They built citie
16、s.B.They had classes.C.They lived in houses.D.They could read or writ(4).The word them in Paragraph 2 refers to _.（分数：0.50）A.the historiansB.the rulersC.prehistoric peopleD.the Sumerians(5).The word innovation in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.creationB.inscriptionC.liberationD.re
17、creation(6).Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.Most luxuries and comforts were important and could improve the quality of peoples live
18、s.B.Most luxuries and comforts were not so important because they couldnt improve the quality of peoples lives.C.Most luxuries and comforts were not necessary and also they prevented the progress of human beings.D.Most luxuries and comforts were so costly that people could not afford them.(7).The wo
19、rd primitive in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.prehistoricB.predominantC.primaryD.successful(8).The authors description of the negative side of civilization mentions all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.chemical warfareB.the decrease of fresh airC.the greenhouse effectD.nuclea
20、r plants(9).According to Paragraph 3, people are able to communicate ideas long distances because _.（分数：0.50）A.they can write and readB.they can build cities and record thoughtsC.their population tends to increaseD.they have special abilities(10).The author discusses Prometheus and Pandora in the pa
21、ssage in order to _.（分数：0.50）A.tell us an interesting storyB.explain the concept of civilizationC.illustrate the development of civilizationD.show civilized peoples regret(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Even those ancient pioneer
22、s of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.50）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .1.Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of people to
23、which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points./r/n /r/n Primitive people/r/n Modern people /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n Answer Choices A. No regular encounters with the wonders of the natural wor
24、ld. B. Travel by trail roads or airplanes. C. Playing musical instruments. D. Living close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. E. Having societies and languages. F. Hunting and fishing for life. G. Electing leaders of organizations. H. Building cities. I. Leaving their legacy in stone
25、s, bones and pottery.（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：1，分数：6.50)Evidences of Human HistoryIn the study of human history, there are many points that require study and research; there is one very important and interesting aspect to pay attention to, that is, the use of left or right hand in ancient humans activi
26、ties. There has been some evidence which archaeologists have noticed and studied. What is more, many archaeological recordspaintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of their handindicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5000 yea
27、rs. These archaeological artworks are found almost all around the world, and though they were found to have been made in different times and places, there are many similar or identical features concerning hand use among them. In ancient Egyptian artworks, for example, the right hand is depicted as t
28、he dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. What is more, in the archaeological artworks unearthed in Henan province, China has shown over 85 percent of the use of the right hand in manufacturing. (A) Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were ri
29、ght-handed. In some experts theories, they also find that some patterns and styles can reveal the use of the right hand or the left hand.Cro-Magnon cave paintings of some 27000 years ago commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the
30、other. (B) With few exceptions, the left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers. (C) This point can also be reflected in modern life. If you like, imagine the general gesture of painting or doing anything in your daily life,
31、 you will find the general features and styles of your actions, which can reflect your habit of hand use, and furthermore try to find a friend or someone else who uses the other hand and compare with his or her habits, the difference will be very clear and obvious.Besides the above archaeological ar
32、tworks in the study of ancient human beings hand usage, there are also other kinds of evidence in this field, at first the anthropological evidence can push the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. (D) Important evidence comes from the flaking pattern
33、s of stone cores used in tool making, and the implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be found much more than those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). That means usually a right handed person chose the clockwise
34、direction to make tools while a left handed man chose the counter-clockwise direction to make tools.Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient people are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-da
35、y Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handed toolmaker) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (by left-handed toolmaker).Still more evidence comes from cranial morphology: scient
36、ists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies
37、, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right-or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homosapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo Erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, almost the same situation as ours today.（分数：6.50）(1).The word the ot
38、her in Paragraph 2 refers to _.（分数：0.50）A.paintingB.handC.brushD.cavity(2).The word implements in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.executionsB.mechanicsC.elementsD.instruments(3).The authors description of Cro-Magnon paintings mentions which of the following?（分数：0.50）A.Some are not
39、very good.B.It is unusual to see such paintings.C.Many were drawn by children.D.The artists were mostly right-hande(4).According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is true of implements “flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation“?（分数：0.50）A.They are more common than implements “flaked with a cloc
40、kwise motion“.B.They are larger than implements “flaked with a clockwise motion“.C.They are more sophisticated than implements “flaked with a clockwise motion“.D.They are older than implements “flaked with a clockwise motion“.(5).According to Paragraph 4, the fact that the lnuit cut meat by holding
41、it between their teeth is significant because _.（分数：0.50）A.the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can be verifiedB.it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestorsC.the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from pat
42、terns to patternsD.it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools(6).The word hemispheres in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.whole brainB.two sidesC.brainworkD.intelligence(7).The word clue in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：0.50）A.evidenceB.intentio
43、nC.mysteryD.information(8).In Paragraph 5, why does the author mention Homo Erectus and Homo Habilis?（分数：0.50）A.To contrast them with modern humans.B.To explain when human ancestors began to make tools.C.To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed.D.To prove that the population of
44、 Neanderthals was very larg(9).The authors description of cranial morphology mentions which of the following?（分数：0.50）A.Differences in the brain hemispheres probably came about relatively recently.B.There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brains hemispheresC.Left-handedness was
45、 somewhat more common among Neanderthals.D.Variation between the brains hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus and Homo habilis.(10).The authors description of evidence concerning handedness mentions all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：0.50）A.ancient artworkB.asymmetrical skullsC.st
46、udies of tool useD.fossilized hand bones(11).Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 1 about human ancestors?（分数：0.50）A.They became predominantly right-handed when they began to use tools.B.It is difficult to know with which hand they normally used tools.C.They had been predominantly r
47、ight-handed for over a million years.D.They were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper.Where would the senten
48、ce best fit?（分数：0.50）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong i
49、n the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The popular use of right hand was and is believed to relate to the physical differences between the two sides of the brain, and there is also some historical evidence.Answer Choices A. Scientists
