1、托福-练习七及答案解析(总分：39.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)The Cutting EdgeEconomists and governments agree these days on the crucial importance of foreign direct investment (FDI). They see it both as the global markets “seal of approval“ on a countrys policies and prospects, and as a force, especia
2、lly in developing countries, for far-reaching economic change. This consensus is surprising when you remember that FDI remains politically sensitive in many poor, and some not-so-poor, countries. But the benefits are so great that reservations on this account have been put aside. The point about FDI
3、 is that it is far more than mere “capital“: it is a uniquely potent bundle of capital, contacts, and managerial and technological knowledge. It is the cutting edge of globalization.The outlook for FDI-in total, and country by country-is therefore a matter of great interest. Forecasting it, however,
4、 is far from easy. The determinants are complicated, and not always susceptible to measurement. Up to now, so far as this column is aware, detailed forecasts have not been attempted. In a report published this week, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), a sister company of The Economist, has ventur
5、ed into this uncharted territory. It provides a forecast for FDI extending to 2005 for no fewer than 60 countries (accounting for virtually all of the worlds actual and projected flows of FDI).The main difficulty arises from the fact that FDI depends closely on what the EIU calls the business enviro
6、nment-a necessarily broad term that includes, on the firms definition,70 separate indicators. Some of these are political, and to the extent that they can be measured at all have to be gauged through surveys that ask investors questions such as, “Is the quality of the bureaucracy and its ability to
7、carry out government policy very high, high, moderate, low or very low?“ It is one thing to compile this kind of evidence into a backward-looking aggregate which can then be tested for its ability to explain past movements in FDI. It is quite another to use it for forecasting- because to do that the
8、 researcher has to predict how political and other conditions will change.There is no alternative but to blend together different kinds of information. First, take whatever evidence econometrics can yield about the way the forces driving, FDI-size of host-country market, expected growth, input costs
9、, geography and natural resources, and the policy framework have worked in the past. Next, add conventional forecasts of relevant economic aggregates. Third, unavoidably, make more qualitative and speculative assessments of changes in other, “non-economic“, conditions. All this the study tries to do
10、. It is academically impure, because it has to be. But the workings and the supporting information are in plain view, and the results are very interesting.Global FDI flows are projected to shrink markedly this year, from $1.1 trillion in 2000 to less than $ 800 billion. Almost all of the reduction i
11、s forecast to be in FDI to rich countries, driven by the slowdown in America and by the diminishing pace of mergers and acquisitions (which are a principal driver of FDI in the developed economies). FDI to poor countries merely pauses, at around $ 220 billion. In subsequent years, flows recover acro
12、ss the board, but growth in flows to poor countries continues to outpace, modestly, growth in flows to rich ones. By then, the global stock of FDI will have risen to more than $10 trillion, according to the report, from less than $ 6 trillion last year. （分数：13.00）(1).Why is FDI of crucial importance
13、 to many countries?A. Because it generates tax revenue for host governments.B. Because it signifies an approval on a countrys policies and prospects.C. Because it is a politically stabilizing force.D. Because it transforms the management practice of the host countries.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The phrase
14、 “cutting edge“ in the first paragraph refers to _.A. advanced technology B. management know-howC. FDI D. financial strength（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to paragraph 2, forecasting FDI is not an easy matter because _.A. the determinants of FDI are complicated and not easy to measureB. most investo
15、rs undertaking FDI refrain from releasing data to surveyorsC. a satisfactory forecasting model is yet to be designedD. few organizations are interested in conducting such a forecast.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “territory“ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. land B. terror C. area D. provi
16、nce.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, all of the following should be considered as a factor of business environment EXCEPT _.A. the administrative system B. the political situationC. the government policy D. the countrys history（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).What is the second step in arriving at
17、 a forecast on FDI?A. To decide on a forecasting model.B. To gather evidence about the way driving forces of FDI have worked.C. To consider non-economic forces.D. To incorporate conventional forecasts of economic aggregates.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Which sentence below best expresses the essential infor
18、mation in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. There has been much academic corruption involved in the study, but the researchers have no other choice in order to get enough information.B. Strictly speak
19、ing, the study is not academic enough, since one has to do some speculations and consider many factors.C. The study is not scientific enough, so the results are not reliable, although that is what the researcher can best do.D. This kind of research should not be purely academic, since this is univer
20、sal practice in this area of study.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).FDI in developing countries was expected to slow down mainly because _.A. Americas economy slackenedB. governments in these countries have changed their policies toward mu ltinationalsC. much of fund for investment was lured away to developing
21、countriesD. most of international investors were not confident about the future trend of world economy（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).The report mentioned in the text holds that the scope for further growth of FDI _.A. is to be severely limited B. is to be expandedC. remain uncertain D. diminish gradually（分数：1
22、.00）A.B.C.D.(10).What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To caution against the negative effects of unbridled globalization.B. To criticize the wrong approaches of host countries to FDI.C. To introduce a newly issued report on FDI.D. To assess the benefits and drawbacks of FDI.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(1
23、1).According to the report, which country or region enjoys the highest FDI per person?A. the United States. B. Britain.C. the Netherlands. D. Ireland.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: Select the appropriate countries or regions from the answer
24、choices and match them to the type of business environment scoring. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.The countries or regions whose scores going down_The countries or regions whose scores going up_Answer ChoicesA. Thailand.B. Poland.C. The United States.D.
25、France.E. Hong Kong SAR.F. Malaysia.G. Britain.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：13.00)The Evolution of BirdsBirds Began as Feathered ReptilesBirds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see
26、in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment.Characteristics of BirdsAlmost every part of a typical birds anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeyc
27、ombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are t
28、oothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. (Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs.) The birds beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, t
29、aking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets.Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic; they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insula
30、tion that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic
31、 air sacs that help dissipate heat and reduce the density of the body.For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas; flight also requires excelle
32、nt coordination.With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertiliza
33、tion must be internal. Copulation involves contact between the mates vents, the openings to their cloacae. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species.A birds most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Birds
34、wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breastbone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings a
35、dapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally; other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swi
36、fts, which can fly 170 km/hr.In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptations. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation dur
37、ing the evolution of endothermy, only later being co-opted as flight equipment.The evolution of flight requires radical alteration in body form, but flight provides many benefits. It enhances hunting and scavenging: many birds exploit flying insects, an abundant, highly nutritious food resource. Fli
38、ght also provides ready escape from earthbound predators and enables some birds to migrate great distances to utilize different food resources and seasonal breeding areas. The bird that travels farthest in its annual migration is the arctic tern, which flies round-trip between the North Pole and Sou
39、th Pole each year. （分数：13.00）(1).According to paragraph 2, how did birds adapt to achieve efficient flight?A. They developed a skeleton with fewer bones.B. Their organs became smaller over time.C. Most of their weight was distributed in their heads.D. Teeth were replaced by a beak made of keratin.（分
40、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “modified“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. made different B. made betterC. made smaller D. made modern（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “their“ in the passage refers to _.A. feathers B. species C. layers D. birds（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “elaborate“ in the pa
41、ssage is opposite in meaning to _.A. simple B. quiet C. sad D. short（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true about the wings of birds? _A. All birds flap their wings constantly by using breast muscles.B. Eagles and hawks have wings that propel thereat 170 km/hr.C
42、. The airfoils of birds function like the wings on airplanes.D. Wings are attached to airfoils in the birds skeletal structure.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).In paragraph 7, the author explains the term “keratin“ by _.A. identifying it in hair and fingernailsB. comparing it to bird feathersC. providing a defi
43、nition in the textD. describing the way that it looks（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The word “radical“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. very clear B. very wide C. very fast D. very new（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).According to the passage, which characteristic do birds share with reptiles?A. They defend th
44、emselves with claws.B. They reproduce by laying eggs.C. They have a similar skeletal structure.D. They utilize a two-chambered head.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or le
45、ave out important information.A. Very early birds appeared after the dinosaurs.B. Birds and dinosaurs may share a mutual ancestor.C. Birds and dinosaurs were probably very common.D. The origin of birds and dinosaurs is very early.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).According to paragraph 9, what can be inferred a
46、bout research on the evolution of birds? _A. The research is not very recent.B. The subject is popular.C. Many researchers are working on it.D. There are some definitive conclusions.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).All of the following are mentioned as adaptations to the birds anatomy to accommodate flight EXC
47、EPT _.A. a covering of feathers B. relatively large brainsC. very sharp eyes D. small legs and feet（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE a
48、nswer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Birds evolved during the reptilian radiation of the M
49、esozoic era._Answer ChoicesA. Birds and reptiles are most probably related.B. Feathers are among the most unusual evolutionary changes.C. Many structural adaptations were required for birds to fly.D. Theropods are relatively small, meat-eating dinosaurs.E. There are a number of advantages for creatures that fly.F. Migration patterns are typical of many species of birds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：13.00)LichensLich
