1、托福-练习十四及答案解析(总分：39.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)The ImpressionistsIn April 1870, an art exhibit opened in Paris featuring famous and priceless works of art. However, at the time, no one knew that these paintings would one day be considered masterpieces. The paintings and the painters wer
2、e virtually unknown at the time and would remain that way for several years.In the nineteenth century, French art was dominated by the Academy of Fine Arts. Every year the academy held an art show called Le Salon. In 1863, the Academy rejected one of the paintings of Edouard Manet. Manet and a group
3、 of other independent artists organized their own show, which they called Salon des Refuses (Salon of the Rejected), which opened on April 15,1874. A newspa per critic named Louis Leroy visited the gallery and was not pleased with what he saw. One painting of boats in a harbor at dawn by Claude Mone
4、t particularly enraged him. It was called Impression: Sunset. Leroy wrote that this piece, and in fact most of the pieces in the show, looked like impressions-a term for a preliminary, unfinished sketch made before a painting is done. Leroys newspaper review was jokingly called “The Exhibition of th
5、e Impressionists“. Within a few years of Leroys review, the term “Impressionists“ had clearly stuck, not as a term of derision but as a badge of honor, and a new movement was born.The Impressionist movement included the French painters Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas,
6、 Paul Cezanne, and the American painter Mary Cassatt. The techniques and standards employed within the Impressionist movement varied widely, and though the artists shared a core of values, the real glue which bound the movement together was its spirit of rebellion and independence.This spirit is cle
7、ar when you compare Impressionist paintings with traditional French paintings of the time. Traditional painters tended to paint rather serious scenes from history and mythology. “Many Impressionist paintings feature pleasant scenes of urban life, celebrating the leisure time that the Industrial Revo
8、lution had won for the middle class, as shown in Renoirs luminous painting luncheon of the Boating Party. In that famous painting, the sun filters through the orange-striped awning bathing everything and everyone at the party in its warm light. Renoir once said that paintings should be. likable, joy
9、ous, and pretty. “ He said, “There are enough unpleasant things in this world. We dont have to paint them as well. “ It is this joy of life that makes Renoirs paintings so distinctive.The Impressionists delighted in painting landscapes (except for Edgar Degas, who preferred painting indoor scenes, a
10、nd Mary Cassatt, who mainly painted portraits of mothers and children). Traditional painters, too, painted landscapes, but their landscapes tended to be somber and dark. The Impressionists landscapes sparkle with light. Impressionists insisted that their works be “true to nature“. （分数：13.00）(1).What
11、 point does the author make about the art show that opened on April 15,1874, at the Salon des Refuses in Paris?A. It was more popular with visitors and critics than the official show called Le Salon.B. It made the painters and paintings shown there instantly successful.C. Its organizers refused to a
12、llow F douard Manet to display his paintings there.D. It featured famous paintings and painters before they became well known.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “virtually“ in the passage is closest in meaning to the word _.A. almost B. infinitely C. seemingly D. forever（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to
13、the author, Louis Leroy used the term “Impressionists“ because _.A. he understood that these artists did not carefully study their subjects, but only got a quick impression of what they paintedB. he thought that Monets painting, and all of the paintings at the show, looked like unfinished drawingsC.
14、 he believed that giving these artists a group name would help them become famousD. he thought that the painting Impression: Sunset was the best painting at the show（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “derision“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. ridicule B. sincerity C. respect D. sorrow（分数：1.0
15、0）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following sentences best expresses the essential information in the sentence below? Incorrect answer choices omit important information or change the meaning of the original sentence in an important way.The techniques and standards employed within the Impressionist movemen
16、t varied widely, and though the artists shared a core of values, the real glue which bound the movement together was its spirit of rebellion and independence.A. The core of values shared by the Impressionists was the most important connection between them.B. Although there were artistic differences
17、among the Impressionists, they were united by an independent spirit and shared valuesC. At first the Impressionist movement was held together by a shared set of techniques and standards, but in time they rebelled against these core values.D. Although the Impressionists values differed, their techniq
18、ues and standards helped create a strong, independent spirit.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Renoirs painting Luncheon of the Boating Party is given in paragraph 4 as an example of _.A. an industrial sceneB. a study of some urban buildingsC. a picture of people enjoying their leisure timeD. a traditional Frenc
19、h painting（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).According to the information in paragraph 5, what did the painters Edgar Degas and Mary Cassatt have in common? _A. They both painted portraits of children and mothers.B. Neither of them was originally from France.C. Neither of them was primarily interested in landscap
20、es.D. They both preferred painting unpleasant scenes.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).According to paragraph 5, when traditional painters worked on landscape paintings, they _.A. studied the ever-changing lightB. did not make any preliminary sketchesC. never left their studiosD. sketched outdoors but painted in
21、doors（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 that in the authors view, the first “rule“ of Impressionism _.A. was not really a rule at allB. was the most important rule of allC. led Impressionists to mix their colorsD. lasted longer than other rules（分数：1.00）A.B.C.
22、D.(10).The word “spot“ in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to _.A. paint B. identify C. admire D. ignore（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).The phrase “the last one“ in the passage refers to _.A. an artist B. a paintingC. a brush stroke D. a layer of paint（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （
23、分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: Select phrases from the answer choices and match them to the category to which they relate. TWO answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Impressionist Painters_Traditional Painters_Answer ChoicesA. Their classic pieces are very distinctive bec
24、ause of the methods they used to create them.B. They often painted serious scenes from history and mythology.C. Their works were considered unusual at the time but are prized today.D. They used darker colors when painting landscapes.E. They celebrated middle-class people enjoying their leisure time.
25、F. They seldom completely finished their paintings.G. They concentrated on details.H They painted abstract scenes with no recognizable figures in them.I Their landscape paintings were filled with light.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：13.00)President Hoovers Politics During the Great DepressionA
26、t first everything seemed fine and dandy. America was enjoying one of the biggest economic surges in the nations history. However, even though America benefited from the economic boom of the so called “Roaring Twenties“, the imbalance between the rich and the poor combined with the production of mor
27、e and more goods and rising personal debt caused one of the biggest recessions in history. On Black Tuesday, October 29,1929, the stock market crashed, triggering the Great Depression, which was the worst economic collapse in the history of the modern, industrial world. It spread from the United Sta
28、tes and rippled out to the rest of the world, with banks failing and businesses going bust for over a span of a decade, leaving more than a quarter of the working force in America without jobs.President Herbert Hoover, underestimating the seriousness of the crisis, called it “a passing incident in o
29、ur national lives“ and assured Americans that it would be over within two months. Hoover did not think that the federal government should offer relief to the poverty-stricken population because he firmly believed in individualism. Focusing on economic programs to help finance businesses and banks, H
30、oover met with resistance from business executives who preferred to lay off workers. Blamed by many for the Great Depression, Hoover was widely ridiculed.Hoovers economy was put to the test with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. It was his vocal stance on non-intervention that led to Democr
31、atic criticism that Hoover was a “sitting duck“ president; on the other hand, his more pro-free market opponents also denied he was a laissez-faire president and condemned him for being an interventionist. Hoover tried to restore confidence with a series of speeches but his weak speaking style hampe
32、red these efforts. The biggest problem was that his predictions of an upturn just around the comer never materialized. His promises were not delivered and he lost a lot of the publics confidence.Together, the government and businesses actually spent more in the first half of 1930 than the previous y
33、ear; yet frightened consumers cut back their expenditures by ten percent. A severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland beginning in the summer of 1930, while foreign banks declared bankruptcy, draining U. S. wealth and destroying world trade. The combination of these factors caused a downward
34、 spiral: as earning fell, domestic banks collapsed, and mortgages were called in. Hoovers hold-the-line policy in wages lasted little more than a year. Unemployment soared from five million in 1930 to over eleven million in 1931, causing this sharp recession to become the Great Depression.In 1930, H
35、oover reluctantly signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which raised tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items. The Tariff, combined with the 1932 Revenue Act, which hiked taxes and fees across the board, is often blamed for deepening the economic depression, and is considered by some to be Hoovers bigges
36、t political mistakes. Moreover, the Federal Reserve Systems tightening of the money supply is also regarded by most modern economists as a mistaken tactic, under the circumstances.In order to cover the expenses of these government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest tax increases in Americ
37、an history. The Revenue Act of 1932 raised taxes on the highest incomes from 25 % to 63%, while the estate tax was doubled, and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15%. Also, a “check tax“ was included that placed a 2-cent tax on all bank checks. During the 1932 elections, Hoovers opponents blaste
38、d the Republican incumbent for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs, and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the dole of the government. Roosevelt attacked Hoover for “reckless and extravagant“ spending, and of leading “the greatest spending administrati
39、on in peacetime in all of history. “ （分数：13.00）(1).According to the paragraph 1, which of the following reasons contributed to the onset of the biggest recessions in history? _A. The sudden ability to mass produce goods due to technological advances.B. The growing imbalance between the lifestyles of
40、 the rich and famous and the middle class.C. Increasing numbers of personal debt leading to individual bankruptcy.D. The excessive and superfluous production of supplies.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The authors description of the effects of the Great Depression mentions which of the following? _A. The effec
41、ts were evident not only in America, but in other parts of the world as well.B. More than a quarter of the American population was left jobless.C. Banks failed and businesses collapsed for the next 12 years following the market crash.D. It was the worst economic collapse in history of the United Sta
42、tes.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. President Hoover did not recognize the seriousness of the situation right away, an
43、d did not offer relief to the poverty-stricken citizens when he should have.B. President Hoover thought that the Great Depression was a mere passing incident in the history, and believed that things will take a better turn within two months.C. President Hoover did not offer relief to the poverty-str
44、icken because he believed in individualism, and also assumed that the depression would not last long.D. President Hoover saw that the countrys economy was in danger, but his firm belief in individualism prevented him from providing help to those in need of a relief.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to
45、paragraph 3, the phrase “vocal stance“ refers to _.A. speeches B. surreptitious beliefC. explicit position D. outspoken apprehension（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The phrase “these efforts“ in the passage refers to _.A. Hoovers efforts to enforce noninterventionB. the opponents efforts to condemn Hoover for b
46、eing an interventionistC. Hoovers efforts to strengthen his speaking styleD. Hoovers efforts to win back confidence（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the paragraph 3, Hoover was criticized for being a “sitting duck“ president because _.A. he strongly believed in a laissezfaire government, which the D
47、emocratic did not consider appropriateB. he was considered to be not laissez-faire enough by his opponentsC. he was criticized for his firm belief in individualism, which made him think that the federal government should not offer relief to the poverty-stricken populationD. his non-intervention poli
48、cy was condemned by those who were more pro-free market（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The word “ravaged“ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.A. polluted B. devastated C. dried up D. affected（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).The author mentions the unemployment rates of 1930 and 1931 in order to _.A. compare the numb
49、er of jobless people prior to and during the Great DepressionB. provide an example of the results of Hoovers unsuccessful policiesC. illustrate how thing went from bad to worse during the Great DepressionD. note the outcome of the downward spiral caused by combinations of reasons（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5? _A. Hoover was criticized and blamed for laws that he had to si
