1、托福真题 1及答案解析(总分：120.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：3，分数：42.00)Directions : Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. COLONIZING THE AMERICAS VIA THE NORTHWEST COAST（分数：14.00）(1).PARAGRAPH 1 It has long been accepted that the Americas were coloni
2、zed by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corrido
3、r stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheetsthe Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the westthat enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corrido
4、r began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice be
5、gan its final retreat. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americas by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by（分数：1.00）A.paleoecologist Glen MacDonald“s argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been beli
6、evedB.the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrectC.evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believedD.research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed(2).The wor
7、d “ persuasively “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.aggressivelyB.inflexiblyC.convincinglyD.carefully(3).PARAGRAPH 2 Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then south
8、ward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migra
9、tion route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/ Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelfthe flat, submerged
10、 part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory an
11、d then goes on to（分数：1.00）A.discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejectedB.present the evidence on which the theory was basedC.cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrectD.explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible(4).The phrase “ prior to “ is closes
12、t in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.beforeB.immediately afterC.duringD.in spite of(5).Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?（分数：1.00）A.They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alas
13、ka and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.B.They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.C.They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.D.They lac
14、ked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed for long-distance trips.(6).PARAGRAPH 3 The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges a
15、nd areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark“s hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. Which o
16、f the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：1.00）A.Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in
17、 Native American languages.B.Fladmark“s hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.C.The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas lends strength to Fladmark“s hypothesis.D.Accord
18、ing to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.(7).PARAGRAPH 4 More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout the major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Rese
19、arch now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of Nor
20、th America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago. The author
21、“s purpose in paragraph 4 is to（分数：1.00）A.indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesisB.indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneouslyC.explain why humans may have reached America“s northwest coast before animals a
22、nd plants didD.show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State(8).The word “ Vast “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.FrozenB.VariousC.IsolatedD.Huge(9).PARAG
23、RAPH 5 The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believe
24、d the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat a
25、long the Northwest Coast during the very late ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 a
26、nd 14,000 years ago. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that（分数：1.00）A.humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environmentsB.animals had migrated from the inla
27、nd to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausibleC.humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridorD.the continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of pe
28、ople began(10).The word “ inhospitable “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.not familiarB.not suitableC.not dangerousD.not reachable(11).According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as（分数：1.00）A.16,
29、000 years agoB.14,000 years agoC.12,500 years agoD.10,000 years ago(12).PARAGRAPH 6 The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west,
30、and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction. The word “ impetus “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.chanceB.protectionC.possibilityD.incentive(13).PARAGRAPH 1 It has long been accepted that the Americas were colo
31、nized by a migration of peoples from Asia slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. (A) The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free co
32、rridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheetsthe Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the westthat enabled the southward migration. (B) But belief in this ice-fre
33、e corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. (C) He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the conti
34、nental ice began its final retreat. (D) Directions: Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A) , (B) , (C) , and (D) indicate where the following sentence could be added. Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked
35、 the resources needed for human colonization. Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：1.00）A.Choice AB.Choice BC.Choice CD.Choice D(14).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the
36、 most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or yo
37、u can copy the sentence. Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor. Answer Choices（分数：1.00）A.Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice s
38、heets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.B.There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.C.Recent geologic evidence indicates that
39、contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.D.Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extrem
40、ely cold environments.E.There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.F.Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early huma
41、n groups quickly moved south.Directions : Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. REFLECTION IN TEACHINGTeachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining th
42、e interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role
43、 and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching. Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourisha subject on which there is little gui
44、dance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be “drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstrac
45、tions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy.“ The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner
46、. Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being “utilitarian.and not rich or detailed enough to drive syste
47、matic reflection.“ Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing ou
48、tside the situation. Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours,
49、with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection. Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they ne
