1、专业八级-200 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BMarriage in Ancient Egypt/B The ancient Egyptians held marriage as a sacred bond. Each person in a family played his or her own role. Marriage and a close family played anU (1) /Urole in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians were
2、 encouraged to marry young because theU (2) /Uat this time was relatively short. One of the mostU (3) /Utitles you could call your love was “brother“ or “sister“, though marriage between siblings was not a common phenomenon. Wedding Day: The bride merely moved her belongings into the home of her hus
3、band. Though there was no official ceremony, there were bound to beU (4) /Uin honor of the uniting couple. Before the 26th dynasty when a girl was going to enter into a marriage, her father had theU (5) /U. Marriage Contract: Marriage settlements were drawn up between a womans father and her future
4、husband. Its sole purpose was to establish the rights of both parties toU (6) /Uand possessions during the marriage and after divorce. The finished contract was given to a third party forU (7) /U. Due to the contract system that provided such far-reaching safeguards for theU (8) /Urights of wives an
5、d children that most men could only afford one wife at a time. During the early periods of ancient Egypt, the future husband made a payment to the brides father. Later this practice abandoned and later it wasU (9) /U. Divorce: A woman could divorce her husband for mental or physical cruelty or adult
6、ery. With theU (10) /Uof marriage and divorce and the financial protection, she generally received divorce.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).According to the interview, how many people have been added to the Earths popula
7、tion in the past century?（分数：1.00）A.More than two billion.B.More than three billion.C.More than four billion.D.More than six billion.(2).Which of the following is not a factor that has contributed to the rapid population growth?（分数：1.00）A.Now, there are no wars and people live in a peaceful world.B.
8、More children can live to their adulthood and have their own children.C.People live longer now than in the past.D.People imunize many fatal diseases of which many people died.(3).Which part of the world did NOT experience the negative population growth?（分数：1.00）A.America.B.Australia.C.Asia.D.Europe.
9、(4).If a country has a population of 20 million and its rate of natural population increase is 2%, after 34 years, the country will have a population of _.（分数：1.00）A.80 millionB.60 millionC.50 millionD.40 million(5).The population of America continues to grow because of _.（分数：1.00）A.its growing birt
10、h ratesB.the migration of persons from other countriesC.its good health conditionD.its longer life expectancy三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).According to the news, who killed the villagers?（分数：1.00）A.Suspected Muslim militants.B.Suspected Algerian militants.C.Suspected Islamic civilians.D.Suspected
11、 Algerian civilians.(2).Who claimed responsibility for the attack?（分数：1.00）A.Nobody.B.Muslim militants.C.An Islamic organization.D.The Algerian government.I Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now liste
12、n to the news./I（分数：3.00）(1).What is the problem with Russias space station?（分数：1.00）A.It has lost its primary oxygen sources.B.It has lost its backup oxygen sources.C.It has lost both the primary and the backup oxygen sources.D.It has lost neither the primary or the backup oxygen sources.(2).What p
13、roblems has the space station experienced in the past six months?（分数：1.00）A.Generator malfunction.B.Computer error.C.A collision with another station.D.All the above.(3).There are _ Russian (s) and _ American (s) on board.（分数：1.00）A.one, oneB.one, twoC.two, twoD.two, one四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.
14、00)BTEXT A/BSince the late 1970s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity and therefore enhance their international competitiveness through costcuttig programs. (Cost-cutting here is defining th
15、e amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity - the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input - did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity impr
16、ovements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the sametime, it became clear the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increas
17、ing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20“ rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and i
18、n approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach - including simplifying jobs and retraining employees t
19、o work smarter, not harder - do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathys study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily
20、be come prisoner of its own investment in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on wh
21、ich they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away cr
22、eative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy facturing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and
23、process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful com
24、panies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.（分数：4.00）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a
25、different approachC.comparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions(2).The authors attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as _.（分数：1.00）A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD.respectful(3).In the passage, the author includes all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.a
26、business principleB.a definition of productivityC.an example of a successful companyD.an illustration of a process technology(4).The author suggests that implementing manufacturing competitiveness is a strategy that is _.（分数：1.00）A.flawed and ruinousB.shortsighted and difficult to sustainC.popular a
27、nd easily accomplishedD.useful but inadequateBTEXT B/BThe year which preceded my fathers death made great change in my life. I had been living in New Jersey, working defense plants, working and living among southerners, white and black. I knew about the south, of course, and about how southerners tr
28、eated Negroes and how they expected them to behave, but it had never entered my mind that anyone would look at me and expect me to behave that way. I learned in New Jersey that to be a Negro meant, precisely, that one was never looked at but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes of the color of on
29、es skin caused in other people. I acted in New Jersey as I had always acted, that is as though I thought a great deal of myself- I had to act that way - with results that were, simply, unbelievable. I had scarcely arrived before I had earned the enmity, which was extrodinarily ingenious, of all my s
30、uperiors and nearly all my co-workers. In the beginning, to make matters worse, I simply did not know what was happening. I did not know what had done, and I shortly began to wonder what anyone could possibly do, to bring about such unanimous, active, and unbearably vocal hostility. I knew about jim
31、-crow but I had never experienced it. I went to the same self-service restaurant three times and stood with all the Princeton boys before the counter, waiting for a hamburger and coffee; it was always an extrordinarily long time before anything was set before me: I had simply picked something up. Ne
32、groes were not served there, I was told, and they had been waiting for me to realize that I was always the only Negro present. Once I was told this, I determined to go there all the time. But now they were ready for me and, though some dreadful scenes were subsequently enacted in that restaurant, I
33、never ate there again.It was same story all over New Jersey, in bars, howling alleys, diners, places to live. I was always being forced to leave, silently, or with mutual imprecations. I very shortly became notorious and children giggled behind me when I passed and their eiders whispered or shouted
34、- they really believed that I was mad. And it did begin to work on my mind, of course; I began to be afraid to go anywhere and to compensate for this I went places to which I really should not have gone and where, God knows, I had no desire to be. My reputation in town naturally enhanced my reputati
35、on at work and my working day became one long series of acrobatics designed to keep me out of trouble. I cannot say that these acrobatics night, with but one aim: to eject me. I was fired once, and contrived, with the aid of a friend from New York, to get back on the payroll; was fired again, and bo
36、unced back again. It took a while to fire me for the third time, but the third time took. There were no loopholes anywhere. There was not even any way of getting back inside the gates.That year in New Jersey lives in my mind as though it were the year during which, having an unsuspected predilection
37、 for it, I first contracted some dread, chronic disease, the unfailing symptom of which is kind of blind fever, a pounding in the skull and fire in the bowels. Once this disease is contracted, one can never be really carefree again, for the fever, without an instants warning, can recur at any moment
38、. It can wreck more important race relations. There is not a Negro alive who does not have this rage in his blood - one has the choice, merely, of living with it consciously or surrendering to it. As for me, this fever has recurred in me, and does, and will until the day I die.My last night in New J
39、ersey, a white friend from New York took me to the nearest big town, Trenton, to go to the movies and have a few drinks. As it turned out, he also saved me from, at the very least, a violent whipping. Almost every detail of that night stands out very clearly in my memory. I even remember the name of
40、 the movie we saw because its title impressed me as being so partly ironical. It was a movie about the German occupation of France, starring Maureen OHara and Charles Laughton and called This Land Is Mine. I remember the name of the diner we walked into when the movie ended. It was the “American Din
41、er“. when we walked in the counterman asked what we wanted and I remembered answering with the casual sharpness which had become my habit: “We want a hamburger and a cup of coffee, what do you think we want?“ I do not know why, after a year of such rebuffs, I so completely failed to anticipate his a
42、nswer, which was, of course, “We dont serve Negroes here.“ This reply failed to discompose me, at least for the moment. I made some sardonic comment about the name of the diner and we walked out into the streets.This was the time of what was called the “brown-out“, when the lights in all American ci
43、ties were very dim. When we reentered the streets something happened to me which had the force of an optical illusion, or a nightmare. The streets were very crowded and I was facing north. People were moving in every direction but it seemed to me, in that instant, that all of the people I could see,
44、 and many more than that, were moving toward me, against me, and that everyone was white. I remember how their faces string connecting my head to my body had been cut. I began to walk. I heard my friend call after me, but I ignored him. Heaven only knows what was going on in his mind, but he had the
45、 good sense not to touch me - I dont know what would have happened if he had - and to keep me in sight. I dont know what was going on in my mind, either; I certainly had no conscious plan. I wanted to do something to crush these white faces, which were crushing me. I walked for perhaps a block or tw
46、o until I came to all enormous, glittering, and fashionable restaurant in which I knew not even the intercession of the Virgin would cause me to be served. I pushed through the doors and looked the first vacant seat I saw, at a table or two, and waited.I do not know how long I waited and l rather wo
47、nder, until today, what I could possibly have looked like. Whatever I looked towards her. I hated her for her white face, and for her great, astounded, frightened eyes. I felt that if she found a black man so frightening I would make her fright worthwhile.She did not ask me what wanted, but repeated
48、, as though she had learned it somewhere, “We dont serve Negroes here.“ She did not say it with the blunt, derisive hostility to which I had grown so accustomed, but, rather, with a note of apology in her voice, and fear. This made me colder and more murderous than ever. I felt I had to do something with my hands. I wanted her to come close enough for me to get her neck between my hands.So I pretended not to have understood her, hoping to draw her closer. And she did step a very short step closer, with her pencil poised
