1、专业八级-256 (1)及答案解析(总分：99.01，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：4，分数：19.00)Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “Corporate Culture“. Maintaining corporate culture1) Hewlett-Packard corporate culture: (1) _ for others, a sense of
2、community, and plain hard work maintenance of corporate culture: through extensive training of managers and employees 2) Southwest Airlines zealous about hiring: looking for a particular type of person, regardless of (2)_ to spend a lot of time and communicate with employees in a variety of ways and
3、 a large part of it is (3) _. Diversity of corporate cultureFive continuums of cultures according to the Hofstede Cultural Orientation Model1) Individual vs. (4) Orientation2) Power-distance Orientation3) (5)_ Orientation4) Dominant-Values Orientation5) (6) _ Orientation. Change of corporate culture
4、1) To reengineer themselves: change to (7) _ orientation common and (8)_ goals organizational commitment role clarity among team members team leadership mutual accountability with the team complementary knowledge and skills reinforcement of required behavioral competencies power ( veal and perceived
5、) shared rewards2) Increasing importance of corporate culture: result of several recent developments employees: to be more responsible and think like (9) _ ; expected to always be“on-call“ companies: giving employees more flexible work schedules; filling employees need to belong to (10)_（分数：10.00）(1
6、).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_BSECTION B/BIQuestions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the news./I（分数：5.00）(1).What makes David int
7、erested in South East Asia?（分数：1.00）A.The pretty divine place.B.Its wonderful past.C.Fantastic birds and reptiles.D.A great number of temples.(2).Which of the following statements about happiness is TRUE according to David?（分数：1.00）A.Happiness comes from ever going change.B.Happiness comes when you
8、succeed in doing something.C.Happiness wears off when he finally comes back to England.D.Happiness stays even when he comes back to England.(3).What does David think is important if someone cares about making television or radio programs?（分数：1.00）A.Money.B.Enthusiasm.C.New challenge.D.Professional k
9、nowledge.(4).Which of the following statements about change is NOT mentioned by David?（分数：1.00）A.Change can come from forces around you.B.Change can come from within yourself.C.Change can bring joy and satisfaction to you.D.Change sometimes can also let you down.(5).What can be inferred about Davids
10、 attitude toward change?（分数：1.00）A.Enthusiastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Neutral.BSECTION C/BI Questions 6 to 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Which of the following statements
11、 is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.A camera phone was used to record the execution of Saddam Hussein.B.The video was spread over the Internet.C.Mobile phones were banned in the execution.D.There was no clue yet as to who took the footage.(2).The video has led to_.（分数：1.00）A.peoples greater confidence on the go
12、vernmentB.lighter tension between Sunni and ShiiteC.sympathy for SaddamD.peoples more intensive hatred for SaddamIQuestions 8 to 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given l0 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.01）(1).Tom Stevenson wa
13、s _.（分数：0.67）A.sentenced to deathB.questioned at a police stationC.found responsible for five deathsD.in no connection with the murders(2).What kind of relationship did Tom Stevenson tell reporters was there between those being murdered and he himself?（分数：0.67）A.They were lovers.B.They were stranger
14、s.C.They were neighbors.D.They were friends._二、BPART READING (总题数：7，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BThe period of adolescence, i.e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primi
15、tive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of ones life. Furthermore, the leng
16、th of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, th
17、e industrialization of an agricultural society.In modem society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to i
18、ncreased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the
19、 educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities, it is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood
20、 and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significa
21、nt adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At t
22、he age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can write, he can buy liquor, he can enter in
23、to financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of ad
24、olescence.（分数：5.00）(1).The length of adolescence is decided by all of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：1.00）A.the definition of maturity and adulthoodB.change in social and economic conditionsC.industrialization of the societyD.development of science and technology(2).What can be a substitute for adolescen
25、ce ceremonies?（分数：1.00）A.Steps leading to recognition.B.Increased social-economic status.C.Adult privileges and responsibilities.D.Behavioral changes.(3).One can fully enjoy his adulthood privileges when he is no less than_ years old.（分数：1.00）A.12B.16C.18D.21(4).Which of the following statements is
26、TRUE about a 22-year-old young man?（分数：1.00）A.He can get more basic rights than those of 21.B.He will get more and more rights as he grows older and older.C.He has no more basic rights than when he was 21.D.He will enjoy more rights granted by society.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that_.（分
27、数：1.00）A.one begins to be considered as an adult since 12B.one has to pay full fare before he is free from the restrictions of child labor lawsC.one begins to lose childhood privileges when he can obtain a drivers licenseD.one cant marry without parental permission until he can enter into financial
28、contracts1.BTEXT B/BStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, howev
29、er, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurrin
30、g within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary“ and “individual theorists“ were in reality connected to a movement utopian socialism which was alr
31、eady popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first womens rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 180o8. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geogra
32、phical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism
33、 has, however, been less studied than the groups contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint- Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents energy. Hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Sain
34、t- Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint- Simonianism, European historians appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simons followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to re
35、organize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that t
36、here were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both
37、sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women wi
38、th an improved way of life._BTEXT B/BStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These
39、historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and ac
40、tivities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary“ and “individual theorists“ were in reality connected to a movement utopian social
41、ism which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first womens rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 180o8. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States require
42、s that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of
43、Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the groups contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint- Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents energy. Hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have m
44、isunderstood Saint- Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint- Simonianism, European historians appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simons followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of
45、his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject
46、the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that ind
47、ividuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as
48、 well as women with an improved way of life.（分数：6.00）(1).What did historians studying American feminist movements manage to do?（分数：1.00）A.Study influential economic and social conditions.B.Identify the origin of feminist movements.C.Fully analyze the development of feminist ideas.D.Realize the international origins of the 19th century American feminist thoug
