1、专业八级-317 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.东西方文化对创新的内涵有不同理解和定义，亚洲传统比较保守，西方近代的文化则比较开明，但两者在创新方面的影响力则各有千秋。 西方文化的一个特点是强调个人的贡献，或许这有历史与宗教的原因。以个人为主是西方传统风格，演变到今日表现在西方文化和创造发明中往往是制造个人英雄，并将其个人贡献置于集体之上。其好处是激发人的进取心，弊端是导致以个人为中心，间接影响创新。 创新，到达一定程度之后需要各方面的配合。东方文化则在这方面会起积极作用。东方传统教育强调脚踏实地打基础，强调死记硬背，影响了对新现象、新问题的大胆设想、论证。 （分数
2、：12.50）_2.进入 21 世纪，发达国家所面临的共同问题，不是缺资金，而是缺人才；不是缺最新的资讯，而是缺最新的知识。 “知识”变成了一个国家是否进步的关键因素。把相关的知识系统地运用到经济活动中，现在泛称为“知识经济”。唯有通过外在的教育与学习，浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识。 “知识”像土地和劳力一样，是个古老的生产因素。但因为现代知识成长迅速，变化巨大，又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合，促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚。 （分数：12.50）_3.最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下地移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的
3、日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。因为时间即生命。没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少有人珍视他的时间。如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。这道理人人都懂，可是很少人真能积极不懈地善于利用他的时间。 （分数：12.50）_4.作家有三种死法。一曰自然的死，二曰痛苦的死，三曰快乐的死。 自然的死属于心脏停止跳动，是一种普遍的死亡形式，没有特色，可以略而不议。快乐的死和痛苦的死不属于心脏停止跳动，是人还活着，作品已经、或几乎是没有了! 作家没有了作品，可以看作是个人艺术生命的死亡、职业的停顿。其中有些人是因为年事
4、已高，力不从心。这不是艺术的死亡，而是艺术的离休，他自己无可自责，社会也会尊重他在艺术上曾经做出的贡献。 （分数：12.50）_5.尽管品格在很大程度上依赖于性情和体魄、家庭教育、早期训练以及伙伴的榜样，每一个人还是有能力通过警醒的、坚持不懈的自制来规范、约束和砥砺他的品格。 自制是一切美德的基石。假使一个人放纵自己的冲动和情感，从那一刻起他也就放弃了道义上的自由。要获得道义上的自由，即超越动物，人类必须能够抵御本能的冲动，而这只有通过自制才能实现。 （分数：12.50）_6.我以为，快乐的面貌总有成千上万，且是变化多端的。有时候它的出现过于意外，令人大喜大悲，但更多时候，它出现的方式却又是那
5、么隐蔽，甚至让人觉得它平淡得近乎不存在。当然意外式的快乐，出现的几率微乎其微。而平淡式的快乐却正好相反，它产生于生活的角角落落，只待人们去发掘，去感悟。所以在寻找快乐的同时，更要享受生活，这才是快乐的不二秘诀。 （分数：12.50）_7.美国幸福杂志曾在征答栏中刊登过这么一个题目：假如让你重新选择，你做什么?一位军界要人的回答是去乡间开一个杂货铺；一位劳动部长是想做一家饮料公司的经理其间也有一般百姓的回答。想做总统的，想做外交官的，想做面包师的，应有尽有。但是，很少有人想做现在的自己。 人有时非常矛盾。本来活得好好的，各方面的环境都不错，然而当事者却常常心存厌倦。对人类这种因生命的平淡和缺少激
6、情而苦恼的心态，有时是不能用不知足来解释的。 （分数：12.50）_8.要一个人独自进食，即使不算重罚，在中国文化中通常也被视为不幸，一种不无悲凉的境地。汉语对吃独食的描述，大都乏善可陈，一句“胡乱吃了些”搪塞过去。中国人的社会中，人必须借饮食与他人沟通，与社会上的人形成生命共同体之感受。 如今，大家庭在解体，晚婚、单身及独居人士逐年增加。即使是全面重建中的民间社会，也不再是原有的形态。最起码，成为一家网站的会员就不需要请网管吃饭。聚众吃饭的机会少了，独自进食仍然是大部分社会成员心理上挥之不去的阴影。到处都在讨论“现代化(或全球化)的困境”，不知道独自进食算不算困境的一种。 （分数：12.50
7、）_专业八级-317 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.东西方文化对创新的内涵有不同理解和定义，亚洲传统比较保守，西方近代的文化则比较开明，但两者在创新方面的影响力则各有千秋。 西方文化的一个特点是强调个人的贡献，或许这有历史与宗教的原因。以个人为主是西方传统风格，演变到今日表现在西方文化和创造发明中往往是制造个人英雄，并将其个人贡献置于集体之上。其好处是激发人的进取心，弊端是导致以个人为中心，间接影响创新。 创新，到达一定程度之后需要各方面的配合。东方文化则在这方面会起积极作用。东方传统教育强调脚踏实地打基础，强调死记硬背，影响了对新现象、新问题的大胆设想、论证。 （分
8、数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：The understanding and definition of creativity between the eastern and western cultures may differ, as traditional Asian culture is more conservative, while modem culture of the West is more liberal. But in terms of creativity, their influences are equally significant. One charact
9、eristic of western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution, which may be partially explained by western history or religions. The mainstay of western culture is individual-oriented. This trait is manifested in western culture and creativity by making individual heroes, whose contributions
10、 are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centered individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.2.进入 21 世纪，发达国家所面临的共同问题，不是缺资金，而是缺人才；不是缺最新的资讯，而是缺最新的知识。 “知识”变成了一个国家是否进步的关键因素。把相关的知识系统地运用到经济活动中，现
11、在泛称为“知识经济”。唯有通过外在的教育与学习，浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识。 “知识”像土地和劳力一样，是个古老的生产因素。但因为现代知识成长迅速，变化巨大，又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合，促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：Entering the 21st century, the developed countries are facing a common problem: shortage of talent, not funds, and lack of the latest knowledge, not the latest inf
12、ormation. Knowledge has become a crucial factor in the progress of a country. The systematic application of relevant knowledge to economy makes what we now generally call “knowledge-based economy“. Only through education and training, which people receive from outside, can the huge volume of informa
13、tion be turned into systematic knowledge. Knowledge, as a factor of production, is as old as land and labor. However, it is the fast growth and drastic changes of modern knowledge and its integration with economy, industries, science, technology and innovation that lead to the domination of “knowled
14、ge-based economy“ in world today.3.最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下地移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。因为时间即生命。没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少有人珍视他的时间。如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。这道理人人都懂，可是很少人真能积极不懈地善于利用他的时间。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：It is most startling to hear a wa
15、tch or clock clicking away the seconds, each click indicating the shortening of one“s life by a little bit. Likewise, with each page torn off the wall calendar, one“s life is shortened by another day. Time, therefore, is life. Nevertheless, few people treasure their time as much as their life. Time
16、must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is foolproof, yet few people really strive to make the best use of their time.4.作家有三种死法。
17、一曰自然的死，二曰痛苦的死，三曰快乐的死。 自然的死属于心脏停止跳动，是一种普遍的死亡形式，没有特色，可以略而不议。快乐的死和痛苦的死不属于心脏停止跳动，是人还活着，作品已经、或几乎是没有了! 作家没有了作品，可以看作是个人艺术生命的死亡、职业的停顿。其中有些人是因为年事已高，力不从心。这不是艺术的死亡，而是艺术的离休，他自己无可自责，社会也会尊重他在艺术上曾经做出的贡献。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：A writer can die of three kinds of death: natural death, painful death and happy death. Na
18、tural death, caused by the discontinuation of heartbeat, is a common form of death with no characteristics of its own, and therefore may as well be left out without any comment. In the case of happy death and painful death, which are not caused by the discontinuation of heartbeat, the writer, alive
19、as he is, has stopped or almost stopped writing! When a writer no longer produces any work, it is tantamount to the death of his artistic life or the end of his career. Some writers lay down their pens because they are too old to be equal to the task. We call it retirement from art rather than death
20、 of art. They have nothing to blame themselves for. And society at large will pay tribute to the contributions they have already made to art.5.尽管品格在很大程度上依赖于性情和体魄、家庭教育、早期训练以及伙伴的榜样，每一个人还是有能力通过警醒的、坚持不懈的自制来规范、约束和砥砺他的品格。 自制是一切美德的基石。假使一个人放纵自己的冲动和情感，从那一刻起他也就放弃了道义上的自由。要获得道义上的自由，即超越动物，人类必须能够抵御本能的冲动，而这只有通过自制才
21、能实现。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：Although the moral character depends on temperament and physical health in a great degree, as well as on domestic and early training and the example of companions, it is also in the power of each individual to regulate, to restrain and to discipline it by watchful and perse
22、vering self-control. Self-control is at the foot of all the virtues. Let a man give the reins to his impulses and passions, and from that moment he yields up his moral freedom. To be morally freebe more than an animalman must be able to resist instinctive impulse, and this can only be done by the ex
23、ercise of self-control.6.我以为，快乐的面貌总有成千上万，且是变化多端的。有时候它的出现过于意外，令人大喜大悲，但更多时候，它出现的方式却又是那么隐蔽，甚至让人觉得它平淡得近乎不存在。当然意外式的快乐，出现的几率微乎其微。而平淡式的快乐却正好相反，它产生于生活的角角落落，只待人们去发掘，去感悟。所以在寻找快乐的同时，更要享受生活，这才是快乐的不二秘诀。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：In my view, happiness can appear in thousands of forms and it changes forever. Sometimes,
24、 it bumps in at a most unexpected moment, filling a person with enormous sweet or sorrow. In more cases, however, it creeps its way into one“s life insidiouslyso insidious that it almost seems nonexistent. Whereas the first kind of happiness is rare, the second kind, plain as it is, virtually arises
25、 from every comer of life, waiting to be discovered and experienced by a sensitive heart. While looking for happiness, one must enjoy life itselfthis is the single secret to real happiness.7.美国幸福杂志曾在征答栏中刊登过这么一个题目：假如让你重新选择，你做什么?一位军界要人的回答是去乡间开一个杂货铺；一位劳动部长是想做一家饮料公司的经理其间也有一般百姓的回答。想做总统的，想做外交官的，想做面包师的，应有尽
26、有。但是，很少有人想做现在的自己。 人有时非常矛盾。本来活得好好的，各方面的环境都不错，然而当事者却常常心存厌倦。对人类这种因生命的平淡和缺少激情而苦恼的心态，有时是不能用不知足来解释的。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：The US Fortune magazine once posed to its readers such a question in a questionnaire: “If you were to choose again, what would you like to be?“ “I“d like to run a grocery store in the
27、countryside,“ a high-ranking officer in the military responded. The Minister of Labor preferred to become the manager of a beverage company. People in other trades answered the same question in various ways. Some wished to run for President, others wanted to be diplomats, and still others cherished
28、the idea of working in a bakery. Whatever they set their minds on, few people were willing to remain what they are now. People are now and then in a dilemma. They lead a fairly good life and their circumstances are as good as they can be, but from time to time they grow tired of all these. Sometimes
29、 it can hardly attribute this mentality, arising from the monotony of one“s life and lack of passion, to insatiability on the part of humans.8.要一个人独自进食，即使不算重罚，在中国文化中通常也被视为不幸，一种不无悲凉的境地。汉语对吃独食的描述，大都乏善可陈，一句“胡乱吃了些”搪塞过去。中国人的社会中，人必须借饮食与他人沟通，与社会上的人形成生命共同体之感受。 如今，大家庭在解体，晚婚、单身及独居人士逐年增加。即使是全面重建中的民间社会，也不再是原有的形
30、态。最起码，成为一家网站的会员就不需要请网管吃饭。聚众吃饭的机会少了，独自进食仍然是大部分社会成员心理上挥之不去的阴影。到处都在讨论“现代化(或全球化)的困境”，不知道独自进食算不算困境的一种。 （分数：12.50）_正确答案：()解析：In Chinese culture, dining alone is usually thought to be a misery if not a severe punishmenta rather disconsolate and deplorable situation. Chinese phrases describing such a phenom
31、enon are exceptionally few. “I just grabbed a quick and casual bite“ is the most typical answer a man would provide to dismiss a polite inquiry with, after he has finished eating solo. In Chinese society, people love to communicate over food and drink, so much so that they seem unable to develop a s
32、ense of fellowship otherwise. Nowadays, the traditional extended family is giving way to a new and more liberal style of life. More and more people choose to marry late, stay single or simply live alone. Even the so-called civilian society under reconstruction now is hardly the same as it used to be
33、. At least, one will not need to treat the webmaster to a delicious meal when he applies for membership of some website. Opportunities for dining together are no longer abundant. Although the majority of Chinese citizens have become increasingly used to eating in isolation, the sorrow thus caused still plagues them like a gloomy shadow. In view of the current discussion raging everywhere as to the plights of modernization (or globalization), I wonder whether eating alone may be counted as one of them.
