1、专业八级-431 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and to give a sense of “belonging“. We learn quite early to 19 recognize a “stranger“, someone who speaks with an accent of a different communityperhaps only a few miles
2、far. 20 （分数：20.00）The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 21 human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 22 with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize ga
3、thering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer“s calories come from plants. Detailed 23 studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more produc
4、tive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, 24 as an hour of gathering produces 240. 25 Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 26 diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infec
5、tionsor accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 27 They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average Am
6、erican adult). 28 If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, 29 we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. 30 （分数：20.00）The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temper
7、atures, since water freezes at 0 and boils at 100. This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun. 31 As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a 32 planet had temperatures somewhere wi
8、thin this range. 33 The earth“s supply of water probably remains quite fairly 34 constant in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just about 35 replaced by new water
9、 rising away from the depths of the earth 36 during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth 37 of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it97%is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh, b
10、ut three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains, 38 and cannot be used by living systems when melted. Of the remaining 39 fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 40 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. Th
11、ere is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapour in the atmosphere.（分数：20.00）Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modem footballer is revealed 41 as a member of a disguised hunting
12、 pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, 42 enjoys the hunter“s triumph of killing his prey. 43 To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors.
13、They spent over a 44 million year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival 45 depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed. 46 They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killer
14、s. They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers. 47 Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long 48 formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to 49 a new usethat of penning, controlling and
15、 domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival. 50 （分数：20.00）专业八级-431 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a communit
16、y and to give a sense of “belonging“. We learn quite early to 19 recognize a “stranger“, someone who speaks with an accent of a different communityperhaps only a few miles far. 20 （分数：20.00）解析：andwhile/whereas/but/yet解析 前半句讲发音的学习是自然的、无意识的；后半句讲书写的学习是有意的、有意识的。所以这里要表示的是对比关系，而不是并列关系。解析：withof解析 be consc
17、ious of 为固定搭配，意为“意识到”。解析：out out 解析 该句意为我们中有很多人一生都不知道自己说话的声音。所以 speak在这里表示“说话”要用 speak，speak out 意为“畅所欲言；大胆地说；大声地说”，与此处意思不符。解析：firstlyfirst解析 firstly 第一，首先。first 第一次，首次。first 和 firstly作副词时差别不大，可以互相替换。但用于修饰行为动词时只能用 first。此处要修饰动词 hear，改为 first。解析：whichthat 或 which wkich 解析 定语从句前面的先行词为 something时，要用 th
18、at引导从句。也可以省略引导词 that，将 which删掉。解析：wentgo解析 真理性的陈述用一般现在时表达。解析：per per 或 every every 解析 表示每天可以用 every day，也可以用 per day，但两个词不能连用。所以要删掉其中一个。解析：ThisIt解析 该句用 it作形式主语，而真正的主语则是后面的 that从句。所以 this要改为it。解析：communitytogether解析 该句意为“语音是把社区团结在一起的工具”。hold together 使团结，使结合。解析：faraway解析 此处表示“几英里以外的”，要用 a few miles a
19、way。The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 21 human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 22 with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plant
20、foods, one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer“s calories come from plants. Detailed 23 studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of
21、 food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, 24 as an hour of gathering produces 240. 25 Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 26 diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infectionsor accide
22、nts, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 27 They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult).
23、 28 If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, 29 we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. 30 （分数：20.00）解析：aslike解析 此句意为“向史前人类祖先那样生活”。表示“像一样”时，as 后接从句。like后接短语。所以要将 as改为 like。解析：supplementingsupplemented解析 supplement 和 a vegetable diet是逻辑动宾关系
24、，可以还原为“which is supplemented with animal food”，因此要用 supplement的过去分词形式。解析：andor解析 该处要表达的是“三分之二或更多”，“.or more”为英语中常用表达法。解析：inson解析 on average 是固定搭配，“平均”的意思。解析：aswhile 或 whereas解析 前半句讲打猎一小时的收获，后半句讲搜集一小时的收获。这里要表示的是对比意义，所以要用 while或 whereas。解析：for for 或 provideaccount 解析 provide 是及物动词，后面直接加宾语，不需要跟介词for；或者
25、 provide改为 account，account for 为固定搭配，意为“(在数量、比例上)占”。解析：of of 解析 Despite 用作介词时，相当于 in spite of，表示“尽管，虽然”。放在句首直接接名词或短语。解析：halfofthose解析 这里是比较部落成员的胆固醇含量与美国人的胆固醇含量，those 指代前面的 blood cholesterol levels，不能省略。解析：IfWhile/Whereas解析 这里两个句子是对比关系。句意为“尽管没有人建议我们重新采用土著人的生活方式，我们当然可以把他们的饮食习惯作为我们健康饮食的典范。”所以使用连词 While
26、或Whereas来引导句子，表示转折。解析：forhealthiera解析 diet 是可数名词，前面要用不定冠词 a。The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0 and boils at 100. This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of s
27、ome other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun. 31 As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a 32 planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. 33 The earth“s supply of water probably remains quite fairly 34 constant in quantity. A certain num
28、ber of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just about 35 replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the earth 36 during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not known, and i
29、t is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth 37 of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it97%is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains, 38 and cannot be used by living system
30、s when melted. Of the remaining 39 fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 40 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. There is also a minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapour in the a
31、tmosphere.（分数：20.00）解析：letthealone解析 let alone 是固定短语，作“更不用说”讲。解析：facesurface解析 on the surface of 在的表面上。face 没有“表面”的意思。解析：planethadwhich/that；或 hadhaving/with解析 planet 后面的部分是对该词的修饰，作它的后置定语，所以后面要用 which或 that引导从句，也可以用分词 having或介词 with引导。解析：fairly fairly 或 quite quite 解析 fairly 和 quite是同义词，两个词都用会重复。解析：
32、outouter解析 “外层空间”用 outer space。解析：away away 解析 rise from“从升起”。rise 后面不接 away。解析：andalthough解析 该句的意思为“水的总量无从知晓，但足够用来”，由此可以得出两个分句是转折关系，不是并列关系。解析：quarterquarters解析 quatter 是可数名词，被 three修饰，要用复数。解析：whenunless/until/before解析 此句要表达“只有融化后这些冰才可以被利用”。用 when句意为“融化后这些冰就不能被利用”，不符合逻辑，所以应该用 unless含有否定意义的连词，或表时间限制的
33、连词 until或 before。解析：fewerless解析 few 修饰可数名词，water 是不可数名词，要用 little及其变形来修饰。Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modem footballer is revealed 41 as a member of a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football a
34、nd his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, 42 enjoys the hunter“s triumph of killing his prey. 43 To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a 44 million year evolving as co-operative hunt
35、ers. Their very survival 45 depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed. 46 They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers. 47 Then, a
36、bout ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long 48 formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to 49 a new usethat of penning, controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms, awa
37、iting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival. 50 （分数：20.00）解析：ViewingViewed解析 view 和句子的主语是逻辑动宾关系，viewing 作状语，在句中要使用过去分词形式，故 Viewing改为 Viewed。解析：inaccurateaccurate解析 根据题意，目标准确才能获得高分。通过 he scores a goal可知应该用“准确的”。解析：enjoyshe解析 前面是 If引导的条件状语从句，这里是主句，主句
38、的主语是不可以省略的，所以应该在 enjoy前加上主语 he。解析：up up 解析 look up 仰望；查阅。look at 看；考虑。没有 look up at这个短语。该句句意为“想了解这种转变如何发生的，我们就必须稍微了解一下我们的祖先是怎么做的”，所以应该用 look at这一短语。解析：yearyears解析 a million 作修饰语，后面的名词要用复数，且 year为可数名词，所以要改为 years。解析：if if 解析 even if 后面必须跟从句，表示“即使”之意。even 修饰名词，表示让步。该处表示“甚至他们的身体”，表示语气的加强，所以应该用 even，删掉 if。解析：co-operateco-operated解析 根据上文可知这里要使用一般过去时。解析：whenafter解析 when 引导状语从句，而后面 this immensely long formative period of hunting for food为短语，不符合语法。这里表示在“在长期狩猎为生之后”，因此改为 after。解析：werewas解析 该谓语动词的主语 intelligence是单数，因此将谓语动词 were改为 was。解析：farminghunting解析 根据文意可推断出是“狩猎”而不是“农耕”对人们的生存已不再那么重要了。
