1、专业八级-495 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word (s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically semantically acceptable. You may refer to our n
2、otes.The American FamilyWe ll learn the American families from the following five aspects:. Family structures immediate familyconsisting of parents and children (1) familyconsisting of parents, children, uncles, cousins, .grandparents, ete;. The emphasis on individual freedom The primary purpose of
3、a family is to (2) the happiness of individual members. Family name and honor are (3) important. The role of the childEmphasis on the individual may affect children in two ways: Children may get more attention and more power; Children may not get enough attention due to the fact that both parents ar
4、e (4) . (5) in the family. Family values clearly traditional values respecting one s (6) being (7) for ones actions; having faith in God; respecting authority; married to (8) for life; leaving the world in better shape. newer values giving (9) to other members of the family; respecting people for th
5、emselves; developing greater skill in communicating ones feelings; respecting ones children; living up to ones (10) as an individual.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the
6、 interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).What was Chinese paper made from in ancient times?（分数：1.00）A.Hardwood.B.Softwood.C.Roots of plants.D.Hair-like parts of certain plants.(2).In ancient Egypt, paper was made
7、 from the _ of tall aquatic plants.（分数：1.00）A.rootsB.stemsC.leavesD.flowers(3).Today, which country has the biggest paper industry in the world?（分数：1.00）A.Canada.B.Norway.C.Finland.D.the United States.(4).Some people wear paper clothes and shoes because they are _.（分数：1.00）A.cheapB.fashionableC.recy
8、clableD.cold-proof(5).Which of the following cannot be made in paper for the present time?（分数：1.00）A.Cars.B.Houses.C.Raincoats.D.Boats.四、SECTION C(总题数：2，分数：5.00)Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now li
9、sten to the news.（分数：3.00）(1).Which of the following statements is NOT true about Vietnams economy?（分数：1.00）A.Its exports have grown over 6% per annum.B.Its poverty has halved form over 60% to under 30%.C.Its economic growth rate reaches more than 7 % a year.D.Its per capita income has doubled. afte
10、r a decades reforms.(2).The trade outlook in Vietnam had clouded because _.（分数：1.00）A.the US stops importing Vietnamese shrimpsB.the WTO refuses Vietnams application for entryC.the WTO accuses Vietnamese exporters of dumpingD.the US establishes trade barrier on Vietnamese shrimps exports(3).To meet
11、the requirements of WTO membership, Vietnam should take action in the following aspects EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.reduction of trade barrierB.reforms in banking systemC.reforms in corporate lawsD.improvement of government administrationQuestions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the
12、news item, you Will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).Whats the name of the spacecraft?（分数：1.00）A.Voyager.B.Orbiter.C.Messenger.D.Pathfinder.(2).Which of the following is NOT true about the news?（分数：1.00）A.This is the first flight of a spacecraft to Mer
13、cury.B.A spacecraft has Visited Mercury.C.Scientists have photographs of Mercury.D.Scientists have been intrigued by what they have learned about Mercury.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Many Americans breathed a sigh of relief about this weeks ruling by the Supreme Court on
14、 “affirmative action“. In a 5-4 ruling, the court decided that universities (and by extension companies and the armed forces) can use race as a criterion when they choose which people they let in. Citing the importance of racial diversity, the court argued that giving preference to “disadvantaged mi
15、norities“ was in the national interest. On the other hand, in a 6-3 decision, the justices struck down a specific points-scoring system used by the University of Michigan because it made race “a decisive factor“. The compromise has been welcomed by George Bush, various Democratic presidential candid
16、ates, the Pentagon and several large companies,Alas, a popular decision is not necessarily a correct one. In this case the decision seems doubly incorrectwrong in principle and wrong in execution This is not the pragmatic solution that takes race out of the equation.The principle part of the argumen
17、t is simple enough. Affirmative action, no less than any other form of discrimination, is a bad idea which for a brief time made some sense. In the 1960s, it was right to set up programmes to help black Americans readdress years of discrimination. Now, 40 years after the Civil Rights Act, the idea o
18、f reparation no longer makes sense. The Supreme Court admits this. Hence the new rationale of diversity. Again, this is certainly in Americas national Interest. But it is a colossal jump from extending help to people who happen to be members of minorities to allowing laws that discriminate in favor
19、of people on the basis of their skin.For that in the end is what affirmative action is: judging people by their color, The great tragedy of the struggle to get rid of this anachronism in America as opposed to, say, in South Africa under apartheid is that it has been portrayed as a conservative cause
20、. In fact, treating each applicant for a job or a university place as an individual goes to the heart of liberalism. The white and Asian students who were denied places at the University of Michigan on the basis of their color were treated illiberally.Ah, reply the defenders of affirmative action, y
21、ou are being simplistic. This in one way is true: principles on this basis do tend to be simple. But the charge of neglecting important complications anyway needs to be hurled back at advocates of affirmative action. If racial preferences have any logic at all, it is two-tone countries with a clear
22、and racially defined over class and underclass. One could make a good case that America 40 years ago fitted that description; today it is a far more complicated place.Blacks, the first target of affirmative action, are not even the biggest minority any longer; Latinos are. The fastest-growing group
23、of Americans is of people who say they belong to more than one race. Is a Latino-Asian more in need of affirmative action than a black Pacific Islander who is half native American? And should whites count as a minority, which they are already in Los Angeles? It is hardly surprising that the Universi
24、ty of Californian dropped this nonsense.Now for the second big problem: execution. Remember that the Supreme Court also struck down the most explicit version of affirmative action, Michigans point-scoring system. This may have been ghastly, but, like the “scientific“ systems that South Africa once i
25、nvented for grading whiteness, it had the virtue of being clear. People could see when they were not getting jobs, university places or promotion in the army because of their skin color. Now affirmative action will go underground. It will be like one of those 01d clubs that had no rules banning Jews
26、; they just didnt seem to have any. Opacity will please nobody but lawyers and rabble-rousers.Above all, race-based affirmative action will continue to give America an excuse to run away from dealing with a far more pressing issue that really is about fairness: the condition of the nations public sc
27、hools. In America, the gap between rich suburban high schools and poor inner-city ones is remarkable and disgraceful. Addressing the problem means recognizing that it has more to do with class than with face. The children of the (fast-gr0wing) black and Latino middle classes go to much better school
28、s than poor white Afghan and Albanian refugee kinds who have just arrived in Bronx.The justice had a chance this week to draw a line under a once-successful experiment, and to begin the long process of removing race from American law. In most civilized Countries, judging somebody on the basis of the
29、ir race is illegal; but not in the worlds most diverse country, where race is getting ever harder to define. Looking at this weeks judgment, George Orwell would not have known whether to laugh or cry; but he would certainly have started writing.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the Supreme Court, “affirmati
30、ve action“ is decided mainly in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.separate students on the basis of their skin colorB.admit students of different races to universitiesC.make sure students of all races have an equal chance for higher educationD.replace points-scoring system used by the University of Michigan(2).
31、According to the author, the defenders of affirmative action are being simplistic because they fail to realize that _.（分数：1.00）A.the principle of affirmative action hurt the heart of liberalismB.affirmative action is, in fact, conservativeC.it would be very difficult to distinguish racesD.there is n
32、o minority in US any more(3).The author believes that greatest importance should be attached to _.（分数：1.00）A.class discriminationB.racial discriminationC.violation of liberalismD.reformation of universitys admission system(4).Which of the following about affirmative action and Michigans point-scorin
33、g system is true?（分数：1.00）A.They are both welcomed by the US government.B.It is hard to trace their inequality.C.They are both grading system.D.They are both forms of discrimination.(5).What is the authors main purpose of writing this article?（分数：1.00）A.to criticize point-scoring system of the Unive
34、rsity of Michigan.B.to denounce the affirmative action decided by the Supreme Court.C.to support the diversity of American society.D.to call for the help to minority groups in the US七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)It is hard to conceive of a language without nouns or verbs. But that is just what Riau Indones
35、ian is, a researcher says at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in Leipzigstates. Dr. Gil has been studying Riau for the past 12 years. Initially, he says, he struggled with the language, despite being fluent in standard Indonesian. However, a breakthrough came when he realized
36、that what he had been thinking of as different parts of speech were, in fact, grammatically the same. For example, the phrase “the chicken is eating“ translating into colloquial Riau is “ayam makan“. Literally, the phrase means “chicken eat“. But the same pair of words also have meanings as diverse
37、as “the chicken is making somebody eat“, or “somebody is eating where the chicken is“. There are, he says, no modifiers that distinguish the tenses of verbs. Nor are there modifiers for nouns that distinguish the definite from the indefinite. Indeed, there are no features in Riau Indonesian that dis
38、tinguish nouns from verbs. These categories, he says, are imposed because the languages that Western linguists are familiar with having them.This sort of observation flies in the face of conventional wisdom about what languages is. Most linguists are influenced by the work of Noam Chomskyin particul
39、ar, his theory of “deep grammar“. According to Dr. Chomsky, people are born with a sort of linguistic template in their brains. This is a set of rules that allows children to learn a language quickly, but also imposes constraints and structure on what is learnt. Evidence in support of this theory in
40、cludes the tendency of children to make systematic mistakes which indicate a tendency to impose rules on what turn out to be grammatical exceptions (e. g. “I dided it“ instead of “I did it“). There is also the ability of the children of migrant workers to invent new languages known as creoles out of
41、 the grammatically incoherent pidgin spoken by their parents. Exactly what the deep grammar consists of is still not clear, but a basic distinction between nouns and verbs would probably be one of its minimum requirements.Dr. Gil contends, however, that there is a risk of unconscious bias leading to
42、 the conclusion that a particular sort of grammar exists in an unfamiliar language. That is because it is easier for linguists to discover extra features in foreign languages, for example, tones that change the meaning of words, which are common in Indonesian but do not exist in European languages t
43、han to realize that elements which are taken for granted in a linguists native language may be absent from another. Despite the best intentions, he says, there is a tendency to fit languages into a mould. And since most linguists are Westerners, that mould is usually an Indo-European language from t
44、he West.It needs not, however, be a modern language. Dr. Gils point about bias is well illustrated by the history of the study of the worlds most widely spoken tongue. Many of the people who developed modern linguistics had had an education in Latin and Greek. As a consequence, English was often des
45、cribed until well into the 20 century as having six different noun cases, because Latin has six. Only relatively recently did grammarians begin a debate over noun cases in English. Some now contend that it does not have noun cases at all; others argue that it has two while still others maintain that
46、 there are three or four cases.The difficulty is compounded if a linguist is not fluent in the language he is studying. The process of linguistic fieldwork is a painstaking one, fraught with pitfalls. Its mainstay is the use of “informants“ who tell linguists, in interviews and on paper, about their
47、 language. Unfortunately, these informants tend to be better-educated than their fellows and are often fluent in more than one language.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following statements is NOT true of Riau Indonesian?（分数：1.00）A.It is quite different from standard Indonesian.B.It shares some features wi
48、th Western languages.C.There are no distinct features between nouns and verbs.D.It is hard for Western linguists to differentiate verb tenses.(2).Which of the following sentence cannot serve as evidence of Noam Chomskys theory of “deep grammar“ ?（分数：1.00）A.“He never forgaved her for teasing him. “B.
49、“She beganed to feel a sense of panic. “C.“Sheeps were grazing on the hillside. “D.“There are a desk and two chairs here. “(3).It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.（分数：1.00）A.linguists tend to choose a better way to explain unfamiliar languagesB.Riau Indonesian belongs to the Indo-European language familyC.Riau Indones
