1、专业八级-712 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to an
2、swer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).The average life expectancy of ancient Egyptians is about _.（分数：1.00）A.32B.37C.50D.60(2).Which of the following is NOT a medical problem ancient Egyptians used to have?（分数：1.00）A.Dental decay.B.Tooth erosion.C.Maligna
3、nt tumors.D.Insomni(3).The following are very common among ancient Egyptians EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.abscessB.intestinal parasitesC.anaemiaD.drug addiction(4).The mummy Rameses is different from other Egyptian mummies in that _.（分数：1.00）A.it cannot be destroyedB.its heart was not removedC.most internal
4、organs were removedD.it was made with a different technique(5).Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Rameses?（分数：1.00）A.It was on display in Cairo in 1871.B.It was taken to Paris for research.C.It was seriously damaged in an upheaval.D.It was covered in new bandages.四、SECTION C(总题数：2，分数：5.00)Questio
5、ns 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news.（分数：3.00）(1).The Bush and Kerry campaigns exchanged attacks regarding _.（分数：1.00）A.inflationB.budget deficitC.national securityD.unemployment rate(2)._
6、participated in the debate between the Bush and Kerry campaigns.（分数：1.00）A.Cheney and KerryB.Bush and KerryC.Cheney and the head of Democratic PartyD.The heads of Democratic and Republic parties(3).According to Cheney, Kerry is in favor of _.（分数：1.00）A.cutting down on expenditure on defense and inte
7、lligenceB.increasing expenditure on national defenseC.allocating more fund on environmental pollutionD.levying more tax on large businessesQuestions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news.（分数：2
8、.00）(1).The Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that which of the following is likely to decrease?（分数：1.00）A.World grain supplies.B.World grain production.C.World grain consumption.D.World grain trad(2).Wheat supplies have decreased in recent years because _.（分数：1.00）A.wheat prices are very l
9、ow in the worldB.the demand for wheat is decreasingC.many regions are affected by droughtD.the wheat consumption is becoming less五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Although it is now possible to bring most high blood pressure under control, the causes of essential hypertension
10、 remain elusive. Understanding how hypertension begins is at least partly a problem of understanding when in life it begins, and this may be very early-perhaps within the first few months of life. Since the beginning of the century, physicians have been aware that hypertension may run in families, b
11、ut before the 1970s, studies of the familial aggregation of blood pressure treated only populations 15 years of age or older. Few studies were attempted in younger persons because of a prevailing notion that blood pressures in this age group were difficult to measure and unreliable and because essen
12、tial hypertension was widely regarded as a disease of adults.In 1971, a study of 700 children, ages 2 to 14, used a special blood pressure recorder which minimizes observer error and allows for standardization of blood pressure readings. Before then, it had been well established that the blood press
13、ure of adults aggregates familially, that is, the similarities between the blood pressure of an individual and his siblings are generally too great to be explained by chance. The 1971 study showed that familial clustering was measurable in children as well, suggesting that factors responsible for es
14、sential hypertension are acquired in childhood. Additional epidemiological studies demonstrated a clear tendency for the children to retain the same blood pressure patterns, relative to their peers, four years later. Thus, a child with blood pressure higher or lower than the norm would tend to remai
15、n higher or lower with increasing age.Meanwhile, other investigators uncovered a complex of physiologic roles-including blood pressure-for a vasoactive (作用于血管的) system called the kallikrein-kinin (血管舒缓酶-激酞原 ) system. Kallikreins are enzymes in the kidney and blood plasma which act on precursors (先兆)
16、 called kininogens to produce vasoactive peptides(酞)called kinins. Several different kinins are produced, at least three of which are powerful blood vessel dilators. Apparently, the kallikrein-kinin system normally tends to offset the elevations in arterial pressure that result from the secretion of
17、 salt-conserving hormones such as aldosterone(醛固酮) on the one hand and from activation of the sympathetic nervous system (which tends to constrict blood vessels) on the other hand.It is also known that urinary kallikrein excretion is abnormally low in subjects with essential hypertension. Levels of
18、urinary kallikrein in children are inversely related to the diastolic blood pressures of both children and their mothers. Children with the lowest kallikrein levels are found in the families with the highest blood pressure. In addition, black children tend to show somewhat lower urinary kallikrein l
19、evels than white children, and blacks are more likely to have high blood pressure. There is a great deal to be learned about the biochemistry and physiologic roles of the kallikrein-kinin system. But there is the possibility that essential hypertension will prove to have biochemical precursors.（分数：4
20、.00）(1).The author is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.questioning the assumption behind certain experiments involving children under the age of 15B.describing the new scientific findings about high blood pressure and suggesting some implicationsC.describing two different methods for studying t
21、he causes of high blood pressureD.revealing a discrepancy between the findings of epidemiological studies and laboratory studies on essential hypertension(2).The argument in the passage leads most naturally to which of the following conclusions?（分数：1.00）A.A low output of urinary kallikrein is a like
22、ly cause of high blood pressure in children.B.The kallikrein-kinin system plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure.C.Essential hypertension may have biochemical precursors which may be useful predictors in children.D.The failure of the body to produce sufficient amounts of kinins
23、is the cause of essential hypertension.(3).The author refers to the somewhat lower urinary kallikrein levels in black children in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.support the thesis that kallikrein levels are inversely related to blood pressureB.highlight the special health problems involved in treating popula
24、tions with high concentrations of black childrenC.offer a causal explanation for the difference in urinary kallikrein levels between black and white childrenD.suggest that further study needs to be done on the problem of high blood pressure among black adults(4).The evidence that a child with blood
25、pressure higher or lower than the norm would tend to retain the same blood pressure pattern with increasing age is introduced by the author in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.suggest that essential hypertension may have biochemical causesB.show that high blood pressure can be detected in children under the ag
26、e of 15C.provide evidence that factors affecting blood pressure are already present in childrenD.propose that increased screening of children for high blood pressure should be undertaken七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and th
27、e Alaskan Peninsula, have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Veniaminov selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary, and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian
28、conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmi
29、ssion. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage.The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to le
30、arn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three lan
31、guages.To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital, as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English s
32、chooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect.Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English in
33、creased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears the American adminis
34、trators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitatio
35、ns the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans.Gradually, despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years h
36、as assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.（分数：4.00）(1).The author is primarily concerned with describing _.（分数：1.00）A.the Aleuts loyalty
37、to their language and American failure to understand itB.Russian and United States treatment of Alaskan inhabitants both before and after 1867C.how the Czarist Russian occupation of Alaska created a written language for the AleutsD.United States government attempts to persuade the Aleuts to use Engl
38、ish as a second language(2).According to the passage, which of the following was the most important reason for the Aleuts devotion to their language?（分数：1.00）A.Invention of a written version of their language.B.Introduction of Old Slavonic for worship.C.Disruption of oral transmission of tribal know
39、ledge.D.Institution of compulsory English education.(3).The passage is developed primarily by _.（分数：1.00）A.testing the evidence supporting a theoryB.describing causes and effects of eventsC.weighing the pros and cons of a planD.projecting the future consequences of a decision(4).Which of the followi
40、ng statements about the religious beliefs of the Aleuts can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Prior to the Russian occupation they had no religious beliefs.B.American traders and adventurers forced them to abandon all religious beliefs.C.At no time in their history have the Aleuts had an organ
41、ized religion.D.The Russians forced Aleuts to become members of the Russian Orthodox Churc八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The beginning of what was to become the United States was characterized by inconsistencies in the values and behavior of its population, inconsistencies that were reflected by its spokesm
42、en, who took conflicting stances in many areas; but on the subject of race, the conflicts were particularly vivid. The idea that the Caucasian (白种人) race and European civilization were superior was well entrenched in the culture of the colonists at the very time that the “egalitarian“ (主张平等的) republ
43、ic was founded. Voluminous historical evidence indicates that, in the mind of the average colonist, the African was a heathen, he was black, and he was different in crucial philosophical ways. As time progressed, he was also increasingly captive, adding to the conception of deviance. The African, th
44、erefore, could be justifiably (and even philanthropically) treated as property according to the reasoning of slave trader and slave-holders.Although slaves were treated as objects, bountiful evidence suggests that they did not view themselves similarly. There are many published autobiographies of sa
45、lves; Afro-American scholars are beginning to know enough about West African culture to appreciate the existential climate in which the early captives were raised and which therefore could not be totally destroyed by the enslavement experience. This was a climate that defined individuality in collec
46、tive terms. Individuals were members of a tribe, within which they had prescribed roles determined by the history of their family within the tribe. Individuals were inherently a part of the natural elements on which they depended, and they were actively related to those tribal members who once lived
47、 and to those not yet born.The colonial plantation system, which was established and into which Africans were thrust did virtually eliminate tribal affiliations. Individuals were separated from kin: interrelationships among kin kept together were often transient because of sales. A new identificatio
48、n with those slaves working and living together in a given place could satisfy what was undoubtedly a natural tendency to be a member of a group. New family units became the most important attachments of individual slaves. Thus, as the system of slavery was gradually institutionalized, West African
49、affiliation tendencies adapted to it.This exceedingly complex dual influence is still reflected in black community life, and the double consciousness of black Americans is the major characteristic of Afro-American mentality. DuBois articulated this divided consciousness as follows:The history the American Negro is the history of this strife-this longing to atta
