1、专业英语八级听力-一及答案解析 (总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tones of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall
2、 into two categories.I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features A. (1) : to express attitude or intention B. examples whispering: need for secrecy breathiness: deep emotion (2) : unimportance nasality: anxiety extra lip-rounding: greater intimacyII. Second category: physical paralinguistic fea
3、turesA. facial expressions (3) smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome Less common expressions eye brow raising: surprise or interest lip biting: (4) B. gestureGestures are related to culture. British culture shrugging shoulders: (5) scratching head: puzzlement other cultures placing hand upon heart:
4、 (6) pointing at nose: secret C. proximity, posture and echoing proximity: physical distance between speakers closeness: intimacy or threat (7) : formality or absence of interestProximity is person-, culture-and (8) -specific. posture hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9) direct level
5、 eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude echoing definition: imitation of similar posture (10) : aid in communication conscious imitation: mockery（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、Test 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Writing Experimental ReportsI. Content of an
6、 experimental report, e.g. study subject/area study purpose (1) II. Presentation of an experimental report providing details regarding readers as (2) III. Structure of an experimental report feature: highly structured and (3) sections and their content:INTRODUCTION (4) ; why you did itMETHOD how you
7、 did itRESULT what you found out(5) what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership (6) : reader is the marker (7) : reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study tasks to fulfill in an experimental report: introduction to relevant area necessary backgro
8、und information development of clear arguments definition of technical terms precise description of data (8) V. Demands and expectations in report writing early stage: understanding of study subject/area and its implicationsbasic grasp of the reports format later stage: (9) on research significance
9、things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION: inadequate material (10) of research justification for the study（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_三、Test 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Popularity of EnglishI. Present status of English English as a native/first language English as a
10、 lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose (1) are different Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language: 320-380 million native speakers 250- (2) million speakers of English as a second languageII. Reasons for the popular use of English (3) reasons the Pil
11、grim Fathers brought the language to America British settlers brought the language to Australia English was used as a means of control in (4) Economic reasons spread of (5) language of communication in the international business community (6) in international travel use of English in travel and tour
12、ism signs in airports language of announcement language of (7) Information exchange use of English in the academic world language of (8) or journal articles Popular culture pop music on (9) films from the USAIII. Questions to think about status of English in the future (10) of distinct varieties of
13、English（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_四、Test 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)What Can We Learn from Art?I. Introduction A. Differences between general history and art history Focus general history: (1) art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc. B. Significan
14、ce of study More information and better understanding of human society and civilizationII. Types of informationA. Information in history book is (2) facts, but no opinionsB. Information in art history is subjective (3) and opinionse.g. Spanish painters works: misuse of governmental power Mexican art
15、ists works: attitudes towards social problemsIII. Art as a reflection of religions beliefsA. Europe: (4) in pictures in churchesB. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palacesReason: human and (5) are not seen as holy C. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and cos
16、tumes in special ceremoniesPurpose: to seek the help of (6) to protect crops, animals and peopleIV. Perceptions of ArtHow people see art is related to their cultural background.A. Europeans and Americans (7) expression of ideasB. People in other places part of everyday life (8) useV. Art as a reflec
17、tion of social changesA. Cause of changes: (9) of different culturesB. Changes tribal people: effects of (10) on art forms European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese painting（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1
18、填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_五、Test 5(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Meaning in LiteratureIn reading literary works, we are concerned with the meaning of one literary piece or another.However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue.There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what
19、 is intended by (1) .Apart from reading an authors working in question, readers need to read (2) by the same author; get familiar with (3) at the time; get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists in the text itself. in some peoples view meaning is produced by the formal pr
20、operties of the text like (4) , etc. in the speakers view meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and (5) .Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different (6) perspectives could lead to different inter
21、pretations of meaning in a text.III. Meaning is created by (7) . meaning is (8) meaning is contextual; meaning requires (9) practicing competency in reading practicing other competencies background research in (10) , etc.（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_六、Test 6(
22、总题数：1，分数：10.00)Writing a Research PaperI. Research Papers and Ordinary Essay A. Similarity in (1) .e.g. choosing a topic asking questions identifying the audience B. Difference mainly in terms of (2) research paper: printed sources ordinary essay: ideas in ones (3) II. Types and Characteristics of R
23、esearch PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics: survey-type paper: to gather (4) to quoteto (5) The writer should be (6) argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more,e.g. to interpret to question, etc.b. (7) varies with the topic,e.g. to recommend an action, etc.III. Ho
24、w to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3: narrowing the topic down to (9) Question No. 4: asking questions about (10) The q
25、uestions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.（分数：10.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级听力-一答案解析 (总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their
26、tones of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features A. (1) : to express attitude or intention B. examples whispering: need for secrecy
27、 breathiness: deep emotion (2) : unimportance nasality: anxiety extra lip-rounding: greater intimacyII. Second category: physical paralinguistic featuresA. facial expressions (3) smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome Less common expressions eye brow raising: surprise or interest lip biting: (4) B.
28、gestureGestures are related to culture. British culture shrugging shoulders: (5) scratching head: puzzlement other cultures placing hand upon heart: (6) pointing at nose: secret C. proximity, posture and echoing proximity: physical distance between speakers closeness: intimacy or threat (7) : formal
29、ity or absence of interestProximity is person-, culture-and (8) -specific. posture hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9) direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude echoing definition: imitation of similar posture (10) : aid in communication conscious imitatio
30、n: mockery（分数：10.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：function）解析：听力原文 1-10Paralinguistic Features of LanguageGood morning, everyone. Today well continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, well look a
31、t another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder: What is this important aspect of language? Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called paralinguistic features of language. These features f
32、all into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body.Now, the first category is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. 1 While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or
33、vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the need for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. 2 The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance. The fourth is
34、nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communic
35、ation.Now, lets come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: What are the ways, then? Let me cite some brief exam
36、ples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel, or what we mean. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning. 3 We
37、 all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eye-brows suggests that you are surprised or interested in something. 4 Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that
38、you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something; compressing the lips, which show that you are making decisions; and a visible clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too.The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to
39、indicate a wide range of meanings, though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. 5 In British
40、English behaviour, Shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of I dont care, or I dont know. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can mean welcome and farewell, while scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. 6 In other
41、cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means its a secret. Thats why we say that gestures are culture-bound.The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. T
42、his can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers. 7 But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, Id like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal s
43、tyle, and is often culture-bound. So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. 8 And standing close to Someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back, shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. 9 Hunched shoulders and a
