1、专业英语四级-111及答案解析 (总分：100.01，做题时间：90分钟)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Rock music has been accused of having a beat that is at once too strong and too simplistic. Lets look at these issues individually, and see how they in fact contribute to the power of the music. If you look at the classic instrumentatio
2、n of a rock groupdrums, bass, electric guitar and pianoone inescapable fact is that they are all percussive instruments. There are no horns or strings, no instruments that are bowed or blown, whose notes smoothly move to the desired volume and then stay there. The musicians play all of these instrum
3、ents by striking them with a stick, pick, finger or hammer. As a result, their characteristic sounds all exhibit sharply rising and descending volumes. The overall effect is to emphasize the rhythmic value of each note, to give the placement of the peak volume of each note, each chord, at least equa
4、l weight with its melodic or harmonic element. In earlier musical forms, the drums, bass, piano and guitar had sometimes collectively been referred to as the rhythm section. With rock instrumentation, effectively the entire group became part of the rhythm section. Part of the reason for increasing t
5、he strength of the rhythm in rockfor creating what became known as the big beatwas to increase the propulsive force of the music. This is essentially the same reason that regular meter is used in traditional poetry. In this sense, rock is to traditional pop music as poetry is to prose. The effect in
6、 both rock and metered poetry is to create regular rhythmic patterns that drive the listener along and amplify the energy of the words. This is why Phil Spector told David Susskind, when he was reading the lyrics of one of his songs on TV, that what he was missing was the beat. One effect of the str
7、ong rhythm is to increase the intensity and power of the communication. Listening to rock lyrics without the beat would be akin to paraphrasing Yeats as saying, Going round in larger circles, the damned bird gets lost. The meaning of the words is roughly the same, but my phrasing has none of the pow
8、er of Yeats: Turning and turning in the widening gyre, the falcon cannot hear the falconer. Another reason for increasing the strength of the rock rhythm was simply to make the beat an equal player in the resulting music. As suggested above by Robert Palmer, traditional pop forms had made the beat a
9、 poor second cousin to melody and harmony. Rock liberated the rhythmic component of the music, allowing it an equal footing with the other elements. The perception has sometimes been that the beat in rock music is so strong as to over-power the melody and lyrics, making the words unintelligible, for
10、 example. While this has no doubt happened at times, it is not an essential part of the music. On the other hand, ears that are used to rhythm being consistently relegated to the background sometimes perceive the beat as overpowering simply because it has been brought to the foreground. The result c
11、an be disorienting, because multiple musical components are all vying for equal attention in rock. The effect is akin to viewing modem art in which elements of form and color are no longer subordinate to the demands of strict representation. The result, though, is a much richer artistic experience,
12、in which multiple elements of the musicthematic intent, meter, rhyme and alliteration, vocal shadings, melody, harmony and rhythmare all working together. Rock has also been accused of having a simplistic rhythm, based on its consistent use of a 4/4 time signature, with the accents on the second and
13、 fourth beats of the measure (a backbeat). When used at its best, however, this basic underlying rhythm is just the starting point for many subtle rhythmic variations. After all, with so many instruments all playing a part in the rhythm, it is not necessaryand would in fact be distractingto have the
14、 foundation time signature be calling attention to itself. The interesting part, overall, is not the time signature, which will repeat throughout the song anyway, but what you do with it, the variations laid on top of it, the larger reinforcing rhythms in the song structure.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of th
15、e following is NOT the classic instrumentation of a rock group?（分数：4.00）A.Bass.B.Piano.C.Guitar.D.Violin.(2).The similarity of rock and poetry lies in _.（分数：4.00）A.the sound in driving the listeners feelingB.the force in amplifying the energy of the wordsC.the picture in depicting the life of the co
16、mposersD.the effect in creating the regular rhythmic patterns(3).The effect of the strong rhythm both in rock and in poetry is _.（分数：4.00）A.to have the foundation time signature be calling attention to itselfB.to make the beat an equal player in the resulting musicC.to increase the intensity and pow
17、er of the communicationD.to make the beat a poor second cousin to melody and harmony(4).Whats the feature of modem art according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Form and color are no longer subordinate to the demands of representation.B.Form and color are subordinate to the representation.C.Representation
18、 is not inferior to form.D.Representation is superior to form and color.(5).Which of the following is NOT suggested in the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.The basic underlying rhythm is the starting point for many subtle rhythmic variations.B.The time signature will not repeat throughout the song.C.The in
19、teresting part is the larger reinforcing rhythms in the song structure.D.Rock has a simplistic rhythm, based on its consistent use of a 4/4 time signature.三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons-qua
20、nta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos (中微子). With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even travers
21、ing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of the
22、ir production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Paulis
23、 hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created-artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is dif
24、ficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleons reacting with a neutrino. In addition, t
25、he apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles. Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls
26、for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detec
27、ted by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere. The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the
28、 universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars (类星体), and pulsars (脉冲星). Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring it
29、s own share of surprises.（分数：20.00）(1).Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?（分数：4.00）A.At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy.B.Neutrinos and the History of the Universe.C.The Creation and the Study of Neutrinos.D.The DUMAND System and How It Works(2).One advantage that neutrinos
30、 have for studies in astronomy is that they _.（分数：4.00）A.have been detected for 25 yearsB.possess a variable electric chargeC.are usually extremely massiveD.record information about their own origin(3).The neutrinos are hard to detect most probably because of _.（分数：4.00）A.their ability to escape fro
31、m different regions of spaceB.their inability to penetrate dense matterC.the similarity of their structure to that of nucleonsD.the infrequency of their interaction with other matter(4).The ocean may be used to detect neutrinos for the following reasons EXCEPT that _.（分数：4.00）A.it can provide massiv
32、e nucleonsB.it is like a huge detecting apparatusC.it enables neutrinos to move more activelyD.it can keep away the interference of other particles(5).In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to _.（分数：4.00）A.suggest the potential discovery of celestial bodies
33、 by means of neutrino astronomyB.illustrate the importance of surprises in making astronomic discoveriesC.demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND apparatus in detecting neutrinosD.name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino astronomy will illuminate四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)This month shops in the
34、 UK will begin to phase out traditional tungsten bulbs as part of a government plan to replace them completely by 2011 and save 5m tons of carbon emissions a year. However the current crop of low energy light bulbs are coming under criticism for causing skin complaints and migraines, releasing Mercu
35、ry into the environment on disposal and not being as energy efficient as new LED equivalents. A typical low energy light bulb is said to contain between six and eight milligrams of mercury. If one is smashed in a home the room should be vacated for at least 15 minutes, the bulb cleared wearing rubbe
36、r gloves, put in a sealed plastic bag and taken to the local council for disposal. Unbroken bulbs can also betaken back to the retailer if the owner is a member of the Distributor Take back Scheme. Greenpeace has called for a public information campaign to advise people how to dispose of low energy
37、light bulbs safely, arguing that Rather than being worried about the mercury these light bulbs contain, the general public should be reassured that using them will actually reduce the amount of mercury overall in our atmosphere. Further health concerns have come from the bulbs exacerbating of skin c
38、onditions in the estimated 100,000 people in the UK with photosensitive skin including suffers of lupus, Xeroderma Pigmentation, eczema and dermatitis. There have also been claims that the bulbs cause migraines, affect ME suffers and increase the risk of seizures in people with epilepsy and a growin
39、g number of charities including Spectrum and the British Association of Dermatologists are calling for exemptions to allow those affected to continue using traditional bulbs. But perhaps the biggest threat to the traditional energy saving light bulb comes from a new type of Light Emitting Diode (LED
40、) developed by Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities. LEDs use less power than energy efficient light bulbs currently available but have not historically been powerful enough to be cheaply produced for the mass market. The Scottish scientists have overcome this by decreasing the costs and increasing
41、the speed of Nano-imprint lithography, the process of putting microscopic holes in the LEDs to make them brighter, and suitable for home use. Dr. Faiz Rahman, who is leading the project, said: This means the days of the humble light bulbs could soon be over.（分数：20.00）(1).The traditional tungsten bul
42、bs have been criticized for _.（分数：4.00）A.releasing carbon into the environmentB.resulting in chronic diseasesC.being not as energy efficient as they were claimedD.causing heavy-metal pollution into the environment(2).What is the most important measure to take when a low energy light bulb is smashed
43、at home?（分数：4.00）A.Make sure that the fight tool is used to dispose of its remains.B.Make sure that nobody has direct contact with its remains.C.Make sure that its remains are taken to an authorized disposal unit.D.Make sure that the environment is not polluted by its remains.(3).Greenpeace appears
44、to be _ the use of low energy light bulbs.（分数：4.00）A.hopeful aboutB.irritated withC.supportive aboutD.dissatisfied with(4).The British Association of Dermatologists may acknowledge that the low energy light bulbs _.（分数：4.00）A.are not as effective as traditional light bulbsB.produce negative influenc
45、es on our bodyC.should not be marketed to a large scaleD.should not be imposed on patients(5).Dr. Faiz Rahman is confident that people in the future will _.（分数：4.00）A.be impressed by their research of light bulbsB.realize the setbacks of humble light bulbsC.find the advantages of LEDsD.eventually us
46、e LEDs for lighting五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A study has been conducted on public opinion on the use of animals in research. Most7 in 10Swedes indicate that the use of animals in research is acceptable for medical research aimed at finding cures for diseases. Young people are most negative. The fin
47、dings indicate that although most people spontaneously think of medical research when they hear the term animal experiments, many respondents also associate it with makeup and hygiene products. 3 in 10 respondents believe that cosmetics are tested on animals in Sweden, even though this has been bann
48、ed since 2004. Among the 30% of respondents who find animal experiments to be unacceptable in medical research aimed at finding cures for disease, nearly one third respond that some animal experiments could, nevertheless, be acceptable in certain situations. The survey shows that 7 in 10 Swedes can accept the use of animals in medical research if its aim is to acquire more knowledge about diseases and how they can be prevented and cured. This ratio is the same as that reported in a 1992 study, when attitudes of Swedes towards laboratory animals we
