1、专业英语四级-112及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)They may be just passing your office, computer bag slung over one shoulder. Or they may be sitting in a car outside it, casually tapping away at a laptop. They look like innocent passers-by. In fact, they are stealing your corporate sec
2、rets. Drive-by hacking is the trendy term given to the practice of breaking into wire-less computer networks from outside the buildings that house them. A recent study in the UK, sponsored by RSA Data Security, found that two-thirds of organizations with wireless networks were risking their data in
3、this way. Security experts patrolled several streets in the City of London seeking evidence of wireless networks in operation. Of 124 that they identified, 83 were sending data without encrypting them. Such data could readily be picked up by a passer-by armed only with a portable, computer, a wirele
4、ss modem and a few pieces of soft-ware that can be freely downloaded from the Internet. The data could include sensitive company documents containing valuable information. Or they could be e-mail identities and passwords that could be used by hackers to log into corporate networks as if they were le
5、gitimate users. Most companies using wireless networking technology do not take even the simplest of precautions to protect their data. Nearly all wireless network technology comes with some basic security features that need only to be activated in order to give a minimum level of security, for exam
6、ple, by encrypting the data being passed over the network. Raymond Kruck, business development manager at Check Point Software, a security technology specialist, believes this could be partly a psychological problem. People see the solid walls of their building as bulwarks and forget that wireless n
7、etworks can extend up to 200 meters beyond physical walls. Companies without any security at all on their wireless networks make it risibly easy for hackers to break in. Switching on the security that comes with the network technology should be automatic. Then there are other basic Steps a company c
8、an take, says Mr. Kruck, such as changing the passwords on the network from the default setting. Companies can also install firewalls, which form a barrier between the internal network and the public Internet. They should also check their computer records regularly to spot any abnormal activity, whi
9、ch might betray the presence of a hacker.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the study sponsored by RSA Data Security, two thirds of the subjects _.（分数：4.00）A.had their corporate data stolen.B.depended on wireless computer networks.C.were exposed to drive-by hacking.D.were unaware of the risk of wireless hac
10、king.(2).Which of the following is not considered in the study?（分数：4.00）A.The number of wireless hacking incidents.B.The number of wireless computer networks.C.The way in which data are sent and received.D.The way in which data are hacked and stolen.(3).Most wireless network technology comprises _.（
11、分数：4.00）A.date encryption programsB.password security programsC.illegitimate-user detectionD.virus-intrusion detection(4).Raymond Kruck most probably agrees that wireless network security involves _.（分数：4.00）A.wireless signal administrationB.changes in users awarenessC.users psychological healthD.st
12、ronger physical walls(5).Without firewalls, companies using wireless networks _.（分数：4.00）A.cannot operate normallyB.should turn to passwordsC.will be easily attacked by hackersD.can still spot the activities of hackers三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snak
13、es, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior. In the presence of suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is the flight to some inaccessible retrea
14、t, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irasci
15、ble species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mate, activ
16、ity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak. Owing to their poor sense of hearing snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing (蜕皮) begins. By far the greatest number of snake
17、-bit accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well disguised and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the sa
18、me species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also no-table differences between species, even closely allied species ; and the reports of those who have been at-tacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encoun
19、ter will develop. The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the f
20、emale, which guards the nest, could not have been far away.（分数：20.00）(1).When a snake meets a potential enemy, its primary device is _.（分数：4.00）A.avoiding any observationB.finding a safe shelterC.giving a warning threatD.starting a quick attack(2).By dispense with all the preliminaries (Para. 1), th
21、e author most probably means that _.（分数：4.00）A.the snakes combine all the previous three stepsB.the snakes give up all the previous three stepsC.the snakes follow all the previous steps one by oneD.the snakes reverse the order of all the previous steps(3).A snake is most aggressive when _.（分数：4.00）A
22、.it meets a possible enemyB.it is caught when it is sleeping or sloughingC.it is disturbed unknowinglyD.it seeks a partner in the mating season(4).It is difficult to predict what would happen when a snake meets a man because _.（分数：4.00）A.no one has ever clearly known how he himself was bitB.man tend
23、s to be subjective when he describes his encounter with a snakeC.the aggressiveness of the snakes diversify according to different situationsD.a snake does not begin to attack without provocation(5).The author uses the example in the last paragraph to support his idea that _.（分数：4.00）A.snakes do not
24、 begin the aggressive act if it is not disturbedB.some snakes are more aggressive and more ready to attackC.it is hard to forecast whether and how snakes would attackD.snakes often conceal themselves as their principal defense四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Spanning the ocean divide between the U.S. and
25、Russia, it is one of the richest and most commercially productive marine environments on earth, teeming with Pollack and halibut, fur seals and Stellers sea lions, puffins and mires. The seals and seabirds depend on catching fish, and so do humans. More than 2,000 boats from the U. S., Russia, Japan
26、, Norway, China, Poland and the Koreas haul in an annual catch worth roughly $1 billion. The portion taken off the shores of Alaska alone amounts to one-half the sea life caught by commercial fishing vessels in U. S. waters. But will the bounty last? Since the majority of the worlds fisheries are in
27、 a state of collapse, as too many boats chase too few fish, conservationists fear the same fate for the Bering Sea, the last great refuge of marine abundance. Competition among countries for the rights to fish certain sectors of the sea is already fierce and could turn violent, as it has elsewhere i
28、n the world. The Russians have severely depleted fish stocks in their zone, and the international area open to all boats, called the Doughnut Hole, has been nearly stripped of commercial fish. No species is more important to man and beast than pollack, the No. 1 ingredient of frozen fish sticks and
29、the fish items served by chains like Burger King and Long John Silver. Each year the Bering Sea yields two billion kg of this bottom-dwelling creature, making the pollack business the biggest fish harvest in the world. On the surface, that business is healthy: the pollack catch has stayed near recor
30、d levels. But signs of overfishing and an ailing ecosystem can be seen higher up in the food chain. The fur-seal population has not increased despite a long-standing ban on commercial hunting. The number of Stellers sea lions, which feed mostly on pollack, has plunged 80% in the past years, and seab
31、irds such as the red-legged kittiwake are also in trouble. Even if fishing is brought under control, the Bering Sea faces threats that originate thousands of miles away. Wind currents from industrial areas far to the south bring in pollutants like insecticides and heavy metals, which collect in the
32、tissues of wild life and the local Inuit people. At the same time the region has been warming up, and part of the reason may be the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Whatever the cause, sea ice has been retreating farther to the north, making life harder for polar bears and other icedwe
33、lling animals.（分数：20.00）(1).The first paragraph mainly intends to show that the ocean divide between the U.S. and Russia _.（分数：4.00）A.is an international area open to all boatsB.has brought great bounty to countries on the coastsC.has been overfished by the countries on the coastsD.has become ecolog
34、ically unbalanced(2).What is true about the marine creatures in the Bering Sea?（分数：4.00）A.Russia tries to save the sea by stocking fewer fish.B.There are still abundant marine creatures there.C.It will soon he stripped of commercial fish.D.There are too many boats but too few fish.(3).By saying that
35、 pollack is bottom-dwelling creature, the author means that pollack _.（分数：4.00）A.lives deep down in the seabedB.is fundamental to good healthC.is least influenced by humansD.is low down in the food chain(4).According to the fourth paragraph, there is a ban on hunting _.（分数：4.00）A.fur-sealB.PollackC.
36、sea lionsD.seabirds(5).The passage mainly tries to remind us to be aware _.（分数：4.00）A.of the various threats to the Bering Sea nowB.of the impact of commercial activities on the Bering SeaC.that overfishing will endanger the whole ecosystemD.that it is essential to accord commerce with ecosystem五、Pa
37、ssage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Drought is a slow emergency. It does not swoop down out of the skies like a tornado or pull the earth apart like an earthquake. A drought of the kind the Eastern seaboard in the United States is suffering now, the worst of this century in at least four states, is the product n
38、ot of one summers failed rains but of chronic dryness over several seasonscompounded by routine profligacy in our use of water. It is the result of what we have all been taught to call good weatherhot, it is true, but blue skies day after day, mild winters, and little snow. It is also the result of
39、what we have come to call normal water use. The drought of 1999 has become severe enough to bring about a flurry of administrative actions intended to mitigate its effects on farms, businesses and communities. On Friday, President Clinton ordered to organize timely drought relief. New Jerseys Govern
40、or, Christine Todd Whitman, and the Governors of Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia have all imposed mandatory restrictions on water use. Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman has declared West Virginia and 33 counties in 5 surrounding states a disaster area. Meanwhile, the Senate approved $7.4 bi
41、llion in aid to farmers, to which a drought disaster relief package will need to be added. This is all to the good, and it may also reconcentrate for a moment, our attention on this nations patterns of water usage. Drought is nothing new, and dealing with it does not require radically new ideas. Man
42、y organizations have been set up in recent years in order to monitor drought conditions and respond to them as the long-term events they are. According to the National Drought Mitigation Center nearly every encounter with water scarcity leads to a set of recommendationsessentially the ones invoked i
43、n a drought emergencymeant to discourage consumption and encourage recycling. But once the rains begin again and controls are lifted, water use tends to rebound to previous levels. Drought dramatizes an epistemological problem that has real, practical effects. There is something almost intangible ab
44、out the causes of drought, something as abstract and as forceful as fate. It is hard to tie any single drought unequivocally to the solid evidence of global warming, but that too lurks in many peoples minds as the ultimate cause of this summers drought. Against such a grand array of forces, it can b
45、e hard to imagine how taking a shorter shower or watering the lawn less frequently makes a difference. But individual actionconserving wateris the basis for collective action, and collectively, the residents of drought-stricken states can make an enormous difference in their own welfare, both now, w
46、hen stream levels are at record lows, and in the future, when rain returns. Farmers, of course, are forced to take the weather as it comes. Farms, like many other forms of industry, require water for economic survival, which is exactly what is at risk again this year. The reserves of water in reserv
47、oirs have been steadily diminishing. So have the economic reserves of American farmers, who find themselves bringing their products to market, if they survive this dry season at all, at depressed prices. Neither of these problems, drought or farm income can be solved with a sudden flurry of attentio
48、n. They require long-term commitment and the changing of habits that are so persistent we have come to call them normal.（分数：20.00）(1).By saying that drought is a slow emergency, the author means that _.（分数：4.00）A.drought is not an easy problem to solveB.drought is chronic dryness over seasonsC.drought is caused by using water without any controlD.drought is the result of mild winters with little snow(2).Which is NOT among the measures taken to combat the drought?（分数：4.00）A.Declaring some states disaster areas.B.Appr
