1、专业英语四级-77及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、TEXT A(总题数：2，分数：27.50)This month shops in the UK will begin to phase out traditional tungsten bulbs as part of a government plan to replace them completely by 2011 and save 5m tons of carbon emissions a year. However the curr
2、ent crop of low energy light bulbs are coming under criticism for causing skin complaints and migraines, releasing Mercury into the environment on disposal and not being as energy efficient as new LED equivalents. A typical low energy light bulb is said to contain between six and eight miligrammes o
3、f mercury. If one is smashed in a home the room should be vacated for at least 15 minutes, the bulb cleared wearing rubber gloves, put in a sealed plastic bag and taken to the local council for disposal. Unbroken bulbs can also be taken back to the retailer if the owner is a member of the Distributo
4、r Takeback Scheme. Greenpeace has called for a public information campaign to advise people how to dispose of low energy light bulbs safely, arguing that Rather than being worried about the mercury these light bulbs contain, the general public should be reassured that using them will actually reduce
5、 the amount of mercury overall in our atmosphere. Further health concerns have come from the bulbs exacerbating of skin conditions in the estimated 100,000 people in the UK with photosensitive skin including suffers of lupus, Xeroderma Pigmentation, eczema and dermatitis. There have also been claims
6、 that the bulbs cause migraines, affect ME suffers and increase the risk of seizures in people with epilepsy and a growing number of charities including Spectrum and the British Association of Dermatologists are calling for exemptions to allow those affected to continue using traditional bulbs. But
7、perhaps the biggest threat to the traditional energy saving light bulb comes from a new type of Light Emitting Diode (LED) developed by Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities. LEDs use less power than energy efficient light bulbs currently available but have not historically been powerful enough to be
8、 cheaply produced for the mass market. The Scottish scientists have overcome this by decreasing the costs and increasing the speed of Nano-imprint lithography, the process of putting microscopic holes in the LEDs to make them brighter, and suitable for home use. Dr. Faiz Rahman, who is leading the p
9、roject, said: This means the days of the humble light bulbs could soon be over.（分数：12.50）(1).The traditional tungsten bulbs have been criticized for _.（分数：2.50）A.releasing carbon into the environmentB.resulting in chronic diseasesC.being not as energy efficient as they were claimedD.causing heavy-me
10、tal pollution into the environment(2).What is the most important measure to take when a low energy light bulb is smashed at home?（分数：2.50）A.Make sure that the right tool is used to dispose of its remains.B.Make sure that nobody has direct contact with its remains.C.Make sure that its remains are tak
11、en to an authorized disposal unit.D.Make sure that the environment is not polluted by its remains.(3).Greenpeace appears to be _ the use of low energy light bulbs.（分数：2.50）A.hopeful aboutB.irritated withC.supportive aboutD.dissatisfied with(4).The British Association of Dermatologists may acknowledg
12、e that the low energy light bulbs _.（分数：2.50）A.are not as effective as traditional light bulbsB.produce negative influences on our bodyC.should not be marketed to a large scaleD.should not be imposed on patients(5).Dr. Faiz Rahman is confident that people in the future will _.（分数：2.50）A.be impressed
13、 by their research of light bulbsB.realize the setbacks of humble light bulbsC.find the advantages of LEDsD.eventually use LEDs for lightingFor 12 days every spring, the inhabitants of Erlangen, a university town near Nuremberg, forget their daily routines and devote themselves to the serious busine
14、ss of drinking beerand lots of it. The Berg, as it is commonly called, has been held every year since 1755 and is Germanys second-largest beer-fest after Oktoberfest, its more famous Munich counterpart. Although the Berg typically attracts more than a million visitors, far fewer foreign tourists com
15、e to the Erlangen festival than to the Munich event, which means there is much more here in the way of local ambiance. This years Berg takes place June 1-12, but when the festival finishes, the beer cellars and tides remain open all summer. Bergkirchweih roughly translates as the dedication of the m
16、ountain church, referring to a church on the outskirts of Erlangen. Sturdy Bavarian 18th-century folk might find it hard to recognize the modem-day town, but its not hard to imagine them knocking back the local Kitzmann brew in its leafy beer gardens. You cant go to the Berg without any beer, said B
17、rocki, 29, who has attended the festival every year of the 15 he has lived in Erlangen. You dont think, you drink, agreed Brockis girlfriend Tanja Liebig. You have to drink in the evenings. If you cant face the thought of a liter, there is an easier option. A liter of shandy (beer mixed with soft dr
18、ink) may not contain quite as much alcohol, but the drinker is still confronted with the same volume of frothy liquid. You can drink a beer, but you dont have to be drunk to enjoy it, Brocki stressed Its still pretty hard to push your way through the crowds to check out the full selection of fairgro
19、und tides and stands offering hearty German fast food like sausages or roast chicken. Ive never seen so many people packed into one hillside before, said Gianni Brancazio, who visited last years festival from London. Im finding it hard to lift up the mug, let alone drink whats in it. It may come as
20、a surprise, but the countryside surrounding Erlangenknown as Franconiais actually a wine-producing region. The rest of the year I drink wine, said Axel Horndasch, who comes from the nearby town of Ansbach, during a break from the table-top dancing at the 2005 event. Its not all about drinking, many
21、will be glad to hear. During the days between beery evenings, Erlangen makes a handy base for trips to any number of nearby gems such as Bamberg, which offers a nearly complete historical guide to styles of architecture, or the quaint old town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Nuremberg, with its old cen
22、ter rebuilt almost from scratch after heavy wartime bombing, is almost part of the same metropolitan area as Erlangen. On the citys outskirts is the infamous location for Nazi party rallies of the 1930s, a weird place set in incongruous surroundings beside a peaceful lake. Slightly farther afield, M
23、unich and the Alps are also accessible, meaning that a trip to the festival can easily be combined with a wider visit to southern Germany, Austria or even the Czech Republic. Even away from the Berg, its difficult to escape the beer. Across Bavaria, the smallest of places often has its own brewery,
24、sometimes producing its own distinctive brews. Its essential, said Horndasch. Beer is bread.（分数：15.00）(1).According to the passage, Oktoberfest is _.（分数：2.50）A.the best world-famous festival in GermanyB.more popular than the Munich counterpartC.a beer festival held in MunichD.held before the Berg ev
25、ery year(2).How is Erlangen compared to its conditions in the 18th century?（分数：2.50）A.One can never find the church, Bergkirchweih, in the city now.B.Erlangen was only an agricultural town back in the 18th century.C.The city still keeps the traditional way of beer brewing nowadays.D.It is hard to im
26、agine what life was like back in the 18th century.(3).According to Brocki, the best way of enjoying beer without getting drunk is to _.（分数：2.50）A.taste every kind of beer with a small mugB.stop drinking when you feel uncomfortableC.keep drinking without thinking muchD.have beer that is mixed with so
27、ft drink(4).What is NOT true about the Berg at Erlangen?（分数：2.50）A.Beer and shandy are served with a one-liter mug.B.Erlangen is actually more famous for wine than beer.C.The beer-drinking events are often held in the evenings.D.Visitors have all kinds of amusement besides drinking beer.(5).The loca
28、tion where the Nazi party meetings were held _.（分数：2.50）A.disgraced the peaceful lake nearbyB.was incompatible with the lake nearbyC.was secretly situated beside a lakeD.was rebuilt on the ruins of the WWII(6).It can be inferred from the passage that Erlangen belongs in the area of _.（分数：2.50）A.Bava
29、riaB.MunichC.NurembergD.the German border三、TEXT B(总题数：2，分数：22.50)Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plans to market an English-language edition of his elegant monthly magazine, FMR, in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ric
30、ci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong. Ricci is so confident that he has christened his quest Operation Columbus and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far-fetched. The Italian edition of FMR the init
31、ials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricciis only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest art magazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US$500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issue carrying only
32、 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over an inferiority complex about their art. He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two-way cultu
33、ral exchangewhat he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic. To realize this vision, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprisingand expensive promotional campaigns in magazine-publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumb
34、o jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copies will be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement
35、 in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US$5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 60% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporation. To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsor, reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. We would like
36、Italians. Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambledand wonon a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-color pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of
37、outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable.（分数：12.50）(1).Naming his quest Operation Columbus, Ricci is confident that _.（分数：2.50）A.he will be as influential as ColumbusB.he will open up the American marketC.the Americans will associate his magazine with adventurous pioneers
38、D.his magazine will be as memorable as Columbus discovery of America(2).What does the author think about Riccis marketing the American edition of FMR?（分数：2.50）A.The American history makes it hopeful for the goal to fulfill.B.The fulfillment of the goal lies in Riccis marketing strategy.C.Ricci still
39、 has a long way to go before he fulfills the goal.D.It is quite possible and feasible for Ricci to fulfill the goal.(3).What is the main content of Riccis magazine FMR?（分数：2.50）A.Articles on culture, art and business.B.Articles and pictures about fashion.C.Pictures of works of art.D.Pictures of tren
40、dy items.(4).The copies of the sample edition of FMR will be distributed to _.（分数：2.50）A.magazine and newspaper readersB.well-educated periodical subscribersC.households in direct mailsD.downtown passers-by(5).Ricci tries to persuade the Italian corporations to help by _.（分数：2.50）A.including them in
41、 Operation ColumbusB.showing them the staggering price tagC.comparing them to the Spanish sponsorD.arousing passionate patriotism in themCan we speak of the death of the university? an English newspaper recently asked. Another offered the diagnosis: Still breathing. Not only at this seminar, here an
42、d now, but all over the world the future of the universities is now being discussed. This is not only because we are entering a new century. Many people are asking whether the traditional research universities in fact have any future at all. This doubt seems mainly to be due to the development of th
43、e new technology, the massification of the universities, the idea of life long learning, the growing competition from other learning institutionsand may be also because of the strong specialization that we now are experiencing in most fields of research. Many experts predict the demise of universiti
44、es as we know them today, with a campus. Most universities in the western worldat least the public universitiesare now experiencing a serious lack of funds, and the institutional solidarity must not take a form that leads to a draining of strength and vitality of the universities. There are, however
45、, many ways of showing solidarity without using too much of the universities own funding. One of the tasks of the universities is to keep reminding the authorities of the importance of spending money on research and education in developing countries. The universities themselves must work in close co
46、-operation with the development-aid agencies where the government provides most of the economic resources and the universities provide the competence. It is also possible to share knowledge by giving easier access to recent findings, to make possible academic mobility and increased technical coopera
47、tion among regional groupings. Various academic cooperation programs may protect against brain-drain, which is now a serious threat in many countries. Only through the development of local skill and competence, through increased numbers of providers and users of knowledge, can the developing countri
48、es bridge the gap separating them from developed countries. And the bridging of this gap will lead to societies that are freer and more peaceful. The universities have the competence, the possibility and therefore also a duty to promote the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind as stated in the UNESCOs constitution.（分数：10.00）(1).In this passage, the author regards universities primarily as _.（分数：2.50）A.an educational institutionB.a research institution
