1、BSI Standards Publication PD ISO/TR 15916:2015 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systemsPD ISO/TR 15916:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 15916:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Co
2、mmittee PVE/3/8, Gas containers - Hydrogen technologies. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The
3、British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 86124 6 ICS 71.020; 71.100.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Co
4、mmittee on 31 December 2015. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD ISO/TR 15916:2015 ISO 2015 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems Considrations fondamentales pour la scurit des systmes lhydrogne TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 15916 Reference number ISO/TR 15916:2015(E
5、) Second edition 2015-12-15PD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by an
6、y means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 40
7、1 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgPD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E)Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Overview of hydrogen applications .13 4.1 Basic hydro
8、gen infrastructure 13 4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure 13 4.1.2 Production 13 4.1.3 Storage and transport .13 4.1.4 Hydrogen use applications .14 4.2 Typical hydrogen system components 15 4.2.1 General.15 4.2.2 Storage vessels 15 4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals 15 4.2.4 Flow
9、controls .15 4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems .16 4.2.6 Detection components .16 4.2.7 Other components .16 4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system 16 4.3 Hydrogen fuel 16 4.4 Environmental effects 17 5 Basic properties of hydrogen17 5.1 General properties 17 5.1.1 Atomic and molecul
10、ar properties 17 5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics 18 5.2 Selected thermophysical properties 18 5.2.1 General.18 5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen .18 5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen 18 5.3 Basic combustion properties .19 5.
11、3.1 General remark on safety characteristics 19 5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen 19 5.3.3 Explosions.20 5.3.4 Deflagration .20 5.3.5 Detonation 21 5.3.6 Flammability limits .21 5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration .22 6 Safety considerations fo
12、r the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen .23 6.1 General 23 6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen .24 6.2.1 General.24 6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen 24 6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen 24 6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards .25 6.3.1 Aspects of combustion .25 6.3.2 Non-premixed co
13、mbustion processes 25 6.3.3 Explosions.26 6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards .26 6.4.1 General.26 6.4.2 Gaseous storage .27 6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen 27 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents PagePD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E)6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards .27 6.6 Fac
14、tors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards .27 6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement .27 6.6.2 Hydrogen attack 28 6.7 Health hazards .28 6.7.1 Cold burns.28 6.7.2 High temperature burns .28 6.7.3 Asphyxiation .28 6.8 Team approach and education/training needed for the safe use of hydrogen .28 7 Mitigati
15、on and control of hazards and risks .28 7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk 28 7.1.1 General.28 7.1.2 Lessons learned from past experience 29 7.1.3 Addressing hazards 30 7.1.4 Minimizing the severity of the consequences of hazards 30 7.2 Mitigation of design hazards and risks .31
16、7.2.1 Inherently safer design 31 7.2.2 Considerations in the selection of suitable construction material 31 7.2.3 Considerations for vessels and components 32 7.2.4 Prevention of overpressure .33 7.2.5 Considerations for piping, joints, and connections .33 7.2.6 Cleaning considerations .34 7.2.7 Com
17、ponent considerations 34 7.3 Prevention and mitigation of fire and explosion hazards and risks 35 7.3.1 General.35 7.3.2 Prevention of unwanted hydrogen/oxidizer mixtures 35 7.3.3 Ignition 36 7.3.4 Deflagration and detonation .37 7.3.5 Oxygen enrichment.37 7.4 Detection considerations 38 7.4.1 Hydro
18、gen gas detection 38 7.4.2 Fire detection .38 7.5 Considerations for facilities 39 7.5.1 General.39 7.5.2 Locations 39 7.5.3 Exclusion areas .40 7.5.4 Protecting barricades .40 7.5.5 Safety control equipment 40 7.5.6 Disposal of hydrogen .41 7.5.7 Buildings 41 7.5.8 Ventilation 42 7.5.9 Electrical c
19、omponents . .42 7.5.10 Alarms and warning devices 43 7.5.11 Fire protection and fire fighting 43 7.6 Considerations for operations 44 7.6.1 General.44 7.6.2 Operating procedures .44 7.6.3 Personal protective equipment 44 7.6.4 Cool-down.45 7.6.5 Transportation 45 7.6.6 Storage and transfer operation
20、s 45 7.6.7 Safety procedures.46 7.7 Recommended practices for organizations .48 7.7.1 General.48 7.7.2 Control through organizational policies and procedures 48 7.7.3 Use of approved procedures and checklists 48 7.7.4 Conduct appropriate reviews 48 7.7.5 Approved maintenance and quality control prog
21、rammes 48 iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E)7.7.6 Personnel education/training .48 7.7.7 Hazard and operability assessment .49 Annex A (informative) Hydrogen properties 50 Annex B (informative) Hydrogen combustion data54 Annex C (informative) Material data .57 An
22、nex D (informative) Other storage options 61 Bibliography .62 ISO 2015 All rights reserved vPD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Int
23、ernational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison w
24、ith ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directiv
25、es, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
26、of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarati
27、ons received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information abou
28、t ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technologies. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 15916:2004)
29、, which has been technically revised.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 15916:2015ISO/TR 15916:2015(E) Introduction The focus of this Technical Report is on the relatively new hydrogen energy applications. The intent is to provide, those unfamiliar with the technology, a basis upon which to un
30、derstand the safety issues. This Technical Report concerns itself with applications that derive their utility from the chemical reactions of hydrogen and does not apply to applications based on nuclear processes. Traditionally, hydrogen has been used extensively in the petrochemical and chemical ind
31、ustries and in smaller quantities in the electronics, steel-producing, glass-making, and food hydrogenation industries. In energy applications, the first significant use of hydrogen has appeared in space programmes. This is changing, given the promise that hydrogen brings as an efficient energy carr
32、ier and a fuel with minimal environmental impact. Systems are being developed that produce hydrogen using variety of energy sources and feedstocks such as sunlight, wind, biomass, hydro power and fossil fuels, for use in energy applications for home and office heating, generation of electricity and
33、transportation. The safe use of hydrogen as a fuel is a primary ISO goal as it seeks to facilitate the rapid emergence of these hydrogen technologies. A key element in the safe use of hydrogen is to understand its unique safety- related properties and related phenomena, and that there are acceptable
34、 engineering approaches to controlling the hazards and risks associated with the use of hydrogen. This Technical Report describes the hazards associated with the use and presence of hydrogen, discusses the properties of hydrogen relevant to safety, and provides a general discussion of approaches tak
35、en to mitigate hydrogen hazards. The aim of this Technical Report is to promote the acceptance of hydrogen technologies by providing key information to regulators and by educating people involved with hydrogen safety issues. The development of International Standards to eliminate barriers to interna
36、tional trade and to simplify the arduous regulatory process by providing hydrogen-specific standards to allow implementation for rapidly emerging technologies was among the needs identified by the ISO/TC 197. This Technical Report is one of many documents that have been developed, or are in the proc
37、ess of being developed, by ISO. Detailed safety requirements associated with specific hydrogen applications are treated in separate International Standards. This Technical Report provides an informative reference for those separate standards as a common, consistent source of safety-related hydrogen
38、information. This should result in a reduction in duplication and possible inconsistencies in these separate standards. The considerations presented in this Technical Report are broad, general, and attempt to address most aspects of hydrogen safety. The degree to which these guidelines are applied w
39、ill vary according to the specifics of the application (such as the conditions and quantity of hydrogen involved, and the way in which the hydrogen is used). Industrial users may find large portions of the guidelines, presented herein, applicable for their operations. It is not expected that the gen
40、eral public will be required to apply this degree of knowledge to safely operate a hydrogen appliance. It is anticipated that good appliance design, coupled with appropriate care in installation, will reduce the degree of safety considerations to levels that are deemed acceptable by the public for c
41、ommon appliances. The manufacturers of hydrogen appliances will need to consider these guidelines to tailor sufficient specific information for the operation of their appliances, in the environment in which they are to be used, and for the audience that will use them. Readers are encouraged to keep
42、these points in mind as they consider the information presented in this Technical Report. Hydrogen has been safely used in many different applications over many years. Adherence to the principles presented in this Technical Report can lead to a continuation of the safe and sustainable use of hydroge
43、n. ISO 2015 All rights reserved viiPD ISO/TR 15916:2015PD ISO/TR 15916:2015Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems 1 Scope This Technical Report provides guidelines for the use of hydrogen in its gaseous and liquid forms as well as its storage in either of these or other forms (hydri
44、des). It identifies the basic safety concerns, hazards and risks, and describes the properties of hydrogen that are relevant to safety. Detailed safety requirements associated with specific hydrogen applications are treated in separate International Standards. “Hydrogen” in this paper means normal h
45、ydrogen ( 1 H 2 ), not deuterium ( 2 H 2 ) or tritium ( 3 H 2 ). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, t
46、he latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 11114-4, Transportable gas cylinders Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with gas contents Part 4: Test methods for selecting metallic materials resistant to hydrogen embrittlement ISO 11119 (all parts), G
47、as cylinders Refillable composite gas cylinders and tubes Design, construction and testing ISO 14687 (all parts), Hydrogen fuel Product specification ISO 16110 (all parts), Hydrogen generators using fuel processing technologies ISO 16111, Transportable gas storage devices Hydrogen absorbed in revers
48、ible metal hydride ISO 17268, Gaseous hydrogen land vehicle refuelling connection devices ISO 19880-1 1) , Gaseous hydrogen Fueling stations Part 1: General requirements ISO 19881 2) , Gaseous hydrogen Land and vehicle fuel tanks ISO 19884 3) , Gaseous hydrogen Cylinders and tubes for stationary sto
49、rage ISO 22734 (all parts), Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis process ISO 26142, Hydrogen detection apparatus Stationary applications 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 ambient conditions AIT local surrounding conditions characterized by the temperature and pressure at a particular location, such as a city or facility Note 1 to entry: See normal temperature and pressure (3.71). 1) Under development. 2) Under development. 3) Under development. TECH
