1、BSI Standards Publication Packaging material recycling Report on substances and materials which may impede recycling PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 Incorporating corrigendum November 2014PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 17098:2013. The UK partic
2、ipation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging, to Subcommittee PKW/0/5, Packaging and Environment. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary p
3、rovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 88361 3 ICS 55.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was
4、published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2013. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected 30 November 2014 Identifiers corrected on front cover, national foreword and ISO pages BRITISH STANDARD ISO 2013 Packaging material recyclin
5、g Report on substances and materials which may impede recycling Recyclage des matriaux demballage Rapport sur les substances et les matriaux pouvant empcher le recyclage TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 17098 First edition 2013-06-15 Reference number ISO/TR 17098:2013(E) ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved COPYR
6、IGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permis
7、sion. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland PD ISO/TR 1
8、7098:2013 ISO/TR 17098:2013 (E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Recycling . 1 5 Material examples . 2 Bibliography .15 PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 ISO/TR 17098:2013 (E) Foreword ISO (the Internatio
9、nal Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
10、established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standar
11、dization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordanc
12、e with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
13、patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents. Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. The
14、committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 122, Packaging, Subcommittee SC 4, Packaging and environment.iv ISO 2013 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 ISO/TR 17098:2013 (E) Introduction Saving resources and increasing resource efficiency, together with minimizing the negative environmen
15、tal impacts, are acknowledged as important objectives in the search for sustainability. The recycling of used packaging is one of the principal strategies that contribute significantly to the fulfilment of these objectives. To ensure the efficacy of this strategy, recycled materials need to meet the
16、 requirements of the identified applications. The supply of used packaging has to be sufficiently continuous and stable in order to sustain an industrial recycling operation. Furthermore, the collection and sorting schemes have to be designed and managed for delivering the required fractions of used
17、 packaging fit for recycling. It is essential that consistent information and communication about recycling be provided to users. This includes raising awareness of the value of recycling, as well as providing specific instructions as to how users can actively participate in the collection and sorti
18、ng of used packaging for subsequent material recycling. The composition of the used packaging streams, the sorting and recycling practices and technologies, as well as the market demand for recycled materials will continue to change due to innovation, regulations, and other developments. In such a c
19、ontext, it is important to always keep in mind the importance of the yield and efficiency of the whole recycling system, in addition to the quality and the intrinsic properties of materials to be recycled. Sometimes, innovations can themselves act as impediments to recycling, at least at the moment
20、of their introduction. Precautions must be taken so that innovations do not jeopardize the functionality of existing schemes. The recovery of used packaging by material recycling is largely influenced by the materials and substances used for packaging and the condition in which they arrive at the re
21、cycling operations, notably the presence of impurities such as product residues and extraneously introduced materials. Collection of several packaging materials together (co-mingling) can often result in lower quality materials with high content of impurities. In turn, this may lead to lower yields
22、and increased costs. The proper design of collection and sorting schemes is of critical importance. This Technical Report provides examples covering the main packaging materials and can be used as a guide for taking into account substances and materials that may be incorporated in packaging and whic
23、h may inhibit subsequent operations related to recycling. This Technical Report covers the following aspects: materials, combinations of materials, or designs of packaging that may create problems in collecting and sorting before material recycling; substances or materials that have the potential to
24、 create problems in the recycling process; the presence of substances or materials that may negatively influence the quality of the recycled material. ISO 18604 sets out the basis for classifying packaging as recoverable by material recycling. This is one of the routes for the recovery of used packa
25、ging, with the inter-relationship between the various routes being covered in ISO 18601. ISO 18604 requires that the design, choice of materials, and the manufacturing operations of packaging take into account the activities to which the used packaging will be exposed when processed through the expe
26、cted recovery operations. In particular, that International Standard deals with the need to take into account the collection, sorting, and recycling of the materials. This Technical Report, therefore, provides a non-exhaustive overview of substances, materials, and components that need to be conside
27、red in the design and control of packaging as defined in ISO 18604. ISO 2013 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 ISO/TR 17098:2013 (E) Packaging material recycling Report on substances and materials which may impede recycling 1 Scope This Technical Report provides a non-exhaustive overview of
28、 substances and materials that may cause a sustained impediment to recycling activities and is intended to assist in the assessment requirements set out in ISO 18604. It describes substances or materials which cause problems or inhibit the recycling process, or which have a negative influence on the
29、 quality of recycled material, where technical solutions are not expected to be developed in the near future. These examples are, however, qualified by the fact that the recycling operations can vary regionally, that technology is constantly changing, and that the use to which the recycled material
30、is put will also determine whether the presence of such substances and materials is a problem. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited appl
31、ies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 18601, Packaging and the environment General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment ISO 18604, Packaging and the environment Material re
32、cycling ISO 21067, Packaging Vocabulary 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21067 apply. 4 Recycling A viable recycling system requires, in the first place, a well-functioning market for the recycled materials. The recycled materials n
33、eed to meet the requirements of the identified applications, and the supply of used packaging has to be sufficiently continuous and stable in order to sustain an industrial recycling operation. Furthermore, the collection and sorting schemes have to be designed and managed for delivering the require
34、d fractions of used packaging fit for recycling. The performance of a recycling system typically depends on a number of elements. These are the design, production, distribution, and use of packaging placed on the market, as well as the collection and sorting of used packaging and subsequent recyclin
35、g operations for the identified applications of the recycled materials. Not all recycling technologies are widely available or used in all regions and countries. The recovery of used packaging by material recycling is largely influenced by the materials used for packaging and the condition in which
36、they arrive at the recycling operations, notably the presence of impurities such as product residues and extraneously introduced materials. This Technical Report provides examples covering the main packaging materials and can be used as a guide for taking into account substances and materials that m
37、ay be incorporated in packaging and which may or do inhibit subsequent operations related to recycling. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 17098:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1 In providing examples of substances and materials that may impede recycling, a number of key issues need to be considered. Thes
38、e include: the specific composition of the packaging (or packaging components), including base materials used; the physical characteristics of the packaging, such as shape, colour, volume, weight, dimensions, and (non) detachable pieces; the mix of packaging materials in the collection stream; the c
39、ollection/sorting and recycling operations available in the location where the packaging completes its functional life; the residues of the packaging contents and extraneous contamination resulting from the use of the packaging, or from the collection and sorting processes. The contamination may be
40、very small in quantity but can result in a disproportionate problem; the ease with which constituents or contaminants which may impede recycling can be separated from the materials to be recycled; the specifications for a new product made from the used packaging, including quality and functionality.
41、 The examples in Clause 5 include data from current and typical specifications associated with used packaging supplied for recycling on a commercial and practical basis. It should be noted that these specifications may vary from location to location. 5 Material examples Packaging is produced from a
42、wide range of materials and combinations of materials, selected according to the functional requirements of the packaging application. The following tables provide a non-exhaustive list of examples, guidelines, and common industrial practices for materials and substances which cause problems in the
43、recycling operations of each of the main packaging materials: Table 1 Aluminium; Table 2 Glass; Table 3 Paper and paperboard; Table 4 Plastic; Table 5 Steel; Table 6 Wood. Depending on the guidelines and conditions for the individual systems in place, non-packaging products, with the same or very si
44、milar material composition as the packaging items concerned, may be accepted within these packaging collection and sorting systems.2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 17098:2013 ISO/TR 17098:2013 (E) Table 1 Aluminium Packaging recoverable by material recycling Reference to ISO 18604 B.2 Design
45、 criteria NOTE c) Materials and substances integral with the packaging Comments i) Separability of com- ponents Beverage and food cans require no separation as the lids, tabs, and body are in similar alloying elements. Composite containers should easily be separated to allow source separation by the
46、 user or separation during the col- lection and sorting stage. Semi-rigid and flexible aluminium foil packaging can be separated at source by the user. Foil laminates require specifically adapted separation and recovery pro- cesses which allow for material recy- cling and/or incineration with energy
47、 recovery. The majority of aluminium rigid and semi-rigid packaging is single mate- rial of similar alloying elements, which ensures that closed-loop (can-to-can recycling) or open-loop recycling (into other aluminium products) is feasible. Non-aluminium components or substances are effectively remo
48、ved during the collection and sorting processes, at the input side to the recycling process, or during pro- cessing. Separation normally involves the recovery of the aluminium frac- tion using a thermal process which results in the destruction of the laminating ply, with an associated energy or by-p
49、roduct recovery. Small aluminium packaging items are increasingly collected and recy- cled from the bottom ashes in incin- erators. New sorting techniques including optimized eddy current separation allow for the collection of even the smallest fraction. ii) Compatibility of material compositions or material combina- tions with the recy- cling process Material compositions are uni- form in respect of the major aluminium components of the packaging/packaging system, i.e. similar alloying elements.
