1、A Survey of Diked-Area Liner Use at Aboveground Storage Tank Facilities Health i Environmental Affairs Department Publication Number 341 February 1998 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 341-ENGL 1978 = 0732270 0605!i74 bbl American Petroleum Institute -b- American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safe
2、ty Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members of the American Petroleum institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consume
3、rs. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our
4、businesses according io the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: PRINCIPLES e e e To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, an
5、d to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly,
6、appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, p
7、roducts and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste
8、 materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard
9、the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. STD*API/PETRO PUBL 341-ENGL 1998 0732210 Ob05475 5T8 =
10、A Survey of Diked-Area Liner Use at Aboveground Storage Tank Facilities Health and Environmental Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 341 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: JOSEPH S. BURKE SPEC CONSULTING SERVICES 427 CLIFTON CORPORATE DRIVE PO Box 912 CLIFTON PARK, NEW YORK 12065 FEBRUARY 1998 Americ
11、an Petroleum Institute I STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 341-ENGL L778 S 0732270 Ub0547b 439 S FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET TH
12、E DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE
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14、IL- All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the publisher; API Publishing Services. 1220 L Stree
15、r, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1998 American Petroleum Institute iii STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 3YL-ENGL 1718 II 0732270 Db05Y77 370 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: MI S
16、TAFF CONTACT F. Dee Gavora, Health and Environmental Affairs Department MEMBERS OF THE STORAGE TANK TASK FORCE SUBCOMMITIEE Jerry Boldra, Shell Oil Company Jerry Engelhardt, Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline Company Gerald L. Garteiser, Exxon Company Don Gilson, Chevron Products Company Gary Henmann, Marath
17、on Oil Company Ken Lloyd, Citgo Pipeline Company William Martin, ARCO Products Company Eugene P. Milunec, Mobil Oil Corporation James Moore, Amoco Oil Company Philip Myers, Chevron Products Company James Stevenson, Phillips Pipeline Company John Thomas, Shell Oil Company I STD-API/PETRO PUBL 391-ENG
18、L 11478 = 0732270 Ub05478 207 m TABLE OF CONTENTS Section EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 INTRODUCTION .3 BACKGROUND .3 SURVEY FINDINGS 4 Liner System Effectiveness . .4 Reliability .4 . Effectiveness in Containing Releases . .6 Effect on Facility Operations . 6 Preferred Approaches to Release Prevention .7 E
19、PA LINER STUDY . 8 CONCLUSIONS . .9 REFERENCES R- 1 APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS A- 1 APPENDIX B LIQUID RELEASE PREVENTION AND DETECTION MEASURES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK FACILITIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . B- 1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 34L-ENGL 1198 E 073C270 OLU5479 Li3 E 1 Table 1 2 A- 1 A-2
20、A-3 A-4A A-4B A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8A A-8B A-9 A-10 A-1 1 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-1 5 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-2 1 A-22 A-23 LIST OF FIGURES Pane Major Causes of Liner Failure 5 LIST OF TABLES Page Location of Responding Facilities 7 Diked-Area Liner Installed Costs . 9 Retrofit vs . New Facilities A- 1 Product
21、s Stored . A-1 Sectors Reporting A-2 Area Covered A-2 Included Lined Area A-2 Year of Liner Installation A-3 Reason for Liner Installation A-3 Type of Liner System Installed . A-3 Liner Cover Material . A-4 Depth of Cover Material . A-4 Reason for Selection . A-4 Liner Design Permeability A-5 Meets
22、Design Objectives A-5 Nature of Problems . A-6 Liner Impact on Facility Operation . A-6 Types of Operational Problems A-7 Liner Effects on Storm Water Management . A-7 Inspection of Liner System . A-8 Method of Periodic Inspection of Liner A-8 Has a Release Occurred? . A-8 Type of Release Experience
23、d A-9 Did Liner Prevent Release to Soil or Groundwater? . A-9 Confirmation of Liner Performance A-9 Better Approaches to Liners . A-10 Alternate Approaches Available . A- 10 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 3LiL-ENGL 1998 M fl732270 Ob05480 9b5 i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i In 1997, the American Petroleum Institute (API)
24、 conducted a survey on the use of diked- area liners around aboveground storage tanks. The data indicate that the effectiveness of liners in protecting the environment is limited because liner systems frequently fail. Further, the resulting data indicate that there are few releases from aboveground
25、storage tanks that would be addressed by diked-area liners. In addition, liner systems are expensive to install and maintain. Several states have enacted requirements to install liners within the tankfield diked area during the past decade. However, there is little published information on the perfo
26、rmance of diked-area liner systems once installed. Because such liners are costly and because changes must be made to facility operations to accommodate the liner system, API members decided to gather information on the performance of diked-area liners after installation. APTS Storage Tank Task Forc
27、e conducted a survey designed to evaluate the effectiveness of diked-area liner systems and document operational problems involved with their use. Responses were received fio, 32 facilities in the marketing and transportation sectors of the petroleum industry. The data show that liner systems are fr
28、equently damaged by day-to-day operations and, thus, would be ineffective in containing a liquid release. Twenty-nine facilities or 9 1 percent of respondents indicated that the liner system had failed to maintain its integrity over time. Among the responding facilities, however, there were few rele
29、ases of the type that would be addressed by diked-area liners. Ninety-one percent of all responding facilities indicated there had been no release since the liner had been installed. Because there were few releases, the data do not directly demonstrate the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of liner s
30、ystems in containing releases. Eighty-eight percent of respondents indicated that they thought there were alternatives to diked-area liners that would be more effective at protecting the environment. The survey data indicated that operators would prefer to use preventive measures, which are generall
31、y more effective in terms of both cost and environmental protection. API survey data also indicated that operators prefer flexible, multi-option approaches, such as those contained in API standards. The data collected by the API survey led to the conclusion that diked-area liners are not the most ef
32、ficient means of protecting the environment given 0 the tendency of liner systems to fail under day-to-day operating conditions; the difficulty of assuring liner integrity; the limited benefit derived from the system in addressing oil discharges; and the high costs associated with installing, as wel
33、l as operating and maintaining the liner system. Measures that prevent aboveground storage tank releases are more effective in protecting the environment and are more cost-effective in the long run. 1 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 3qL-ENGL 1798 0732290 Ob05iBl AT1 W INTRODUCTION Over the past ten years, severa
34、l states have enacted requirements to install liners within the tankfield diked area. These requirements are designed to reduce the permeability of the diked area and contain material in the event of a release. However, there is little published information on the performance of liner systems once i
35、nstalled. Because such liners are costly and because changes must be made to facility operations to accommodate the liner system, API members decided to gather information on the performance of diked-area liners after installation. BACKGROUND To accomplish this task, APIs Storage Tank Task Force con
36、ducted a survey designed to evaluate the effectiveness of diked-area liner systems and to document any operational problems. The survey requested information in three primary areas: The effectiveness-or potential effectiveness-f the liner in containing releases; The effect of the liner on storage fa
37、cility operations; and Preferred approaches to release prevention. The survey did not collect information on undertank liners. SPEC Consulting, an independent firm, was hired to conduct the survey, which was sent to all companies represented on the Storage Tank Task Force. The total number of lined
38、facilities operated by Storage Tank Task force members is unknown; therefore, it is not known what percentage of the population the respondents represent. Participation in the survey was voluntary, and facility names were kept confidential. No instructions were given to potential respondents regardi
39、ng number of facilities to include or location of facilities. Because there are no federal requirements and few states require diked-area liners, a wide geographical distribution of responses was not obtained. Additionally, given the limited nature of the survey, it was not possible to extrapolate f
40、rom survey findings. Responses were received from 32 wholesale distribution terminals-perated by 13 companies-storing gasoline and distillate products. Twenty-nine of the liner installations were retrofit around existing tanks; three of the liners were installed as the tanks were being constructed.
41、In general, the lined area ranged from one to ten acres (four facilities reported lined dikes greater than ten acres, and four facilities reported lined dikes of less than one acre). The lining material used at the facilities included clay geo- composites, extruded sheet, spray-on coatings, coated f
42、abric and others. The survey was confined to petroleum storage facilities due to the unique requirements associated with applying this technology at these sites. While there is an abundance of 3 Previous page is blank STD*API/PETRO PUBL 341-ENGL 1778 D 0732270 Ob05482 738 experience available in the
43、 use of liners for waste management in landfills and surface impoundments, these applications do not lend themselves well to petroleum storage facility operations. A liner at a landfill is used for constant containment and bears a continual load; a liner at a storage tank facility may be used only r
44、arely. Additionally, a landfill liner will have few or no penetrations. Installing a storage tank liner, however, requires cutting the material and fitting it around piping, conduits, pipe supports, pump foundations, cathodic protection cables and other equipment. Further, landfills have little or n
45、o traffic in the containment area. Petroleum storage facilities, on the other hand, require routine vehicular access for ongoing construction, operation, and maintenance activities. SURVEY FINDINGS The following outlines major findings in the three areas of interest: effectiveness of the liner, effe
46、ct on facility operations, and alternatives to diked-area liners. The survey questions and tabulated responses are contained in Appendix A. Liner System Effectiveness The reliability of a liner system and its effectiveness in containing releases were two factors evaluated by the survey to determine
47、the systems overall efficiency. Reliability The data showed that liner systems frequently fail, implying that the liner could potentially be ineffective in containing a liquid release. Twenty-nine facilities or 91 percent of respondents indicated that the liner system had failed in some manner. The
48、major categories of failure included: Damage from vehicular traffic. At larger facilities, vehicle access may be required for daily operation and routine inspection. Additionally, equipment and material must be brought into the diked area for operation and maintenance activities such as painting, ap
49、plying internal coatings, and sandblasting. 0 Material failure. Reported material failures included chemical decomposition from exposure to stored products, reaction with cover soils, and deterioration from weather. Exposure to sunlight and freezing can cause liner material to thin, shrink, and become brittle. These conditions can lead to seam separation and tearing of the material. Additionally, activities required for maintenance of piping and cathodic protection systems may inadvertently cut or rip the liner. 4 I i 0 Failure of the liner around t
