1、American Petroleum Ins titute API PUBLr4632 95 = Ci732290 0555756 BT2 % Reducing Uncertainty in Laboratory Sediment Toxicity Tests Health and Environmental Sciences Department Publication Number 4632 September 1995 - API PUBLX4632 95 = 0732290 0555957 739 One of the most significant long-term trends
2、 affecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward-looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public c
3、oncerns by improving our industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENT
4、AL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize th
5、e importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilit
6、ies, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environ
7、ment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on sig
8、nificant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resourc
9、es and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work w
10、ith others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practi
11、ces by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. API PUBL*:4632 95 0732290 0555958 675 Reducing Uncertainty in Laboratory Sediment Toxicity Tests Health and Environmental Sciences Depa
12、rtment API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4632 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: BURTON C. SUEDEL* BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION UNIVERSITY, MS 38677 UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY JULY 1995 *CURRENT ADDRESS: EA ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1 1 O1 9 MCCORMICK ROAD HUNT VALLEY, MD 21031 Ameri
13、can Petroleum Institute FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WA
14、RN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWI
15、SE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR J.“GEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Copyright O 1995 American Petroleum Institute i ACKNOWLE
16、DGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences Department WMBERS OF THE BIOMONITO RING WORK GROUP Philip B. Dom, Ph.D., Shell Devel
17、opment Company W. Raymon hold, Ph.D., Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Marie T. Benkinney, Mobil Oil Corporation Janis M. Farmer, BP America R Weaver, 1967). If illite predominates in a sediment sample, then illite may be a more appropriate clay constituent than montmorillonite. The silt fraction of
18、sediments typically consists of very fine sand particles, particulate organic material and agglomerated clay particles. ASP 4008 was used to represent the silt fraction of sediments. Although ASP 4000 is a kaolinite clay minerai, it is ground to 0.0048 mm diameter and does not separate into clay siz
19、ed particles upon treatment with dispersant (sodium hexametaphosphate). The silt fraction of sediments refers to particles ranging in size from 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm in diameter (USDA classification system). Sieved Mystic White #18 and #90 sands were used to represent coarse (2.0-0.5 mm), medium (0.5-
20、0.25 mm) and fine (0.25-0.05 mm) sand particles of sediments. Mystic White sands are silica-based minerals that span the range of coarse, medium, and fine sand particles occurring in bottom sediments. Silica sands are found in a variety of freshwater and estuarine sediments where their size distribu
21、tion is largely controlled by physical processes (Moore 1989). Sands were obtained from New England Silica, Inc., 1370 John Fitch Blvd., South Windsor, CT, 06074. Organic matter, organic carbon, pH, and CEC are common chemical characteristics that may affect the bioavailability and toxicity of mater
22、ials in sediments. In this study, humus represented a source of particulate organic matter in formulated reference sediments. 1-5 The humus consisted of decaying plant material and manure, which is more representative of naturally occurring organic matter than peat moss. Peat moss has a somewhat res
23、tricted distribution and consists of only plant material (Crum, 1988). In some situations where peat moss is present in sediments, it may be a more appropriate source of organic matter than humus. Other sources of humus such as ground plant material typically have a high CEC, ranging from 200 to 400
24、 meq/lOOg (Bailey and White, 1964), and would be of limited utility due to excessive contribution to CEC content of formulated reference sediment. Humus was obtained from Sims Bark Co. Inc., P.O. Box 896, Tuscumbia, AL, 35674. Organic matter content of formulated reference sediment was emphasized be
25、cause organic matter represents a more realistic food source for toxicity testing organisms than organic carbon. Elemental forms of organic carbon are likely not utilized as a food source by benthic organisms. decaying plant, animal, and microbial residues at all stages of decomposition, as well as
26、humus and highly carbonized compounds such as charcoal, graphite, and coal (elemental forms) (Black, 1986). Total organic carbon is contained within the organic matter fraction of sediments and can be estimated as the difference between total carbon and inorganic carbon (Black, 1986). Organic matter
27、 is the organic fraction of sediment that includes both fresh and Dolomite from Wayne County, New York represented a natural bicarbonate buffer occurring in soils and sediments. This source of dolomite is well characterized and is one of the reference minerals chosen by the Clay Minerals Society rep
28、resenting typical minerals occurring in the U.S. (Van Olphen and Fripiat, 1979; Kerr et al., 1950). Dolomite was obtained from Wards Natural Science Establishment, Inc., P.O. Box 92912, Rochester, New York, 14692. Although not used in this study, calcite is a commonly occurring bicarbonate buffer fo
29、und in freshwater and marine sediments (Knimbein and Garrels, 1952). Calcite may be a more appropriate bicarbonate buffer than dolomite, depending on location. Formulated reference sediment constituents were characterized with respect to particle size distribution, CEC, solids, organic matter, and p
30、H (Table 1-2). 1-6 API PUBL*Yb32 95 = 0732290 0555783 T58 Ml .fi o o 8 5 2 i- Y .r 2 O u Y 2 2 e i? Q o c 2 Y d 3 s O Cu Cu O v) e, s.- 5 pi - cd o E c, 3 R ii e, c) 4 d o c a .C( 3 e, I 2 x 9 2 2 Pi vi Q v! 3 z h cd o 3 O O o a 2 9 3 o Qo O0 r- I O vi O O vi I cb o u3 .3 3 .r c sa u0 YO # .r CA 92
31、1-7 2 I O vi O vi c; E EE O0 Pio vv n 4 $ E 3 e 3 O 3 - API PUBL*4632 75 = 0732290 0555982 994 Sediment Matching The proposed formulated reference sediment must be amenable to formulation to match diverse characteristics found in bottom sediments (Suede1 and Rodgers, 199 1). The objective of the mat
32、ching phase of formulated reference sediment evaluation was to prepare these sediments to match naturally occurring sediments with respect to particle size distribution, organic matter, CEC, pH, redox potential, and solids (Table 1-3). The accuracy of matching these characteristics was also evaluate
33、d. In addition to these parameters, ability to match organic carbon in field-collected sediments was also evaluated (Table 1-3). The formulated reference sediment constituents, ASP 4008 and ASP 6008, were used as representative silt and clay sediment fractions, respectively (Table 1-2). Mystic White
34、8 #18 and WO silica sands were dry sieved into coarse, medium and fine sand fractions on a SoilTest sand shaker. Sand particles correspond to particle size categories following the USDA soil classification system (coarse sand 2.0 - 0.5 mm; medium sand 0.5 - 0.25 mm; fine sand 0.25 - 0.05 mm) (Black,
35、 1986). Dried organic humus was used as a source of organic matter. Humus was dried at 70C and milled to 2.0 mm in a Wiley Mill before use. Due to the high organic matter content (1.3-13%) of ASP 4008 silt, ASP 6008 and ASP 9008 clays, dolomite, and montmorillonite clay (Table 1-2), these constituen
36、ts were ashed at 550 “C for 1 hour in a muffle furnace to remove organic matter before use. For buffering capacity, dolomite was added as 1.0% of the total amount of silt required to match a given sediment. In preliminary experiments, it was determined that 1 .O% dolomite provided optimal buffering
37、of formulated reference sediments. Four sediments from the UMBFS (Field Sediments 1 - 4) were selected for matching because of their availability in large quantities from pristine areas and because they span the range of sediment characteristics encountered in representative bottom sediments from th
38、roughout the U.S. (Suedel and Rodgers, 1991). Two sediments from Horn Island on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, a pristine area with 10-15 O/OO salinity, were used as representative estuarine sediments for matching (Field Sediments 5 - 6). Formulated reference sediment constituents were mixed dry and hy
39、drated with UMBFS pond water (see Table 1-6 for water chemistry analysis) or synthetic seawater (reconstituted using Instant Ocean per label instructions) prior to analyses. Formulated Reference Sediments 1 - 4 were conditioned for 7 days in cement raceways in flowing (2-3 volume additions per day)
40、UMBFS pond water. Formulated Reference Sediments 5 - 6 were conditioned under static conditions for 7 days. Parameters presented in Table 1-4 were measured after conditioning. 1-8 E O v o U L a: a 9 API PUBL84632 75 O732270 0555783 820 nnn n nnn cdaa e www h a .3 8 i II n o x D O0 2 80 .E g P? a 1-9
41、 3 .- 3 a 4 API PUBLx4632 95 0732290 0555984 767 m O 3 O0 o o d-qr-go n=s,g o +I + +I o +I r; +I o +I cj +I Yo- 0- O in w * we- in 3 m se o3oooNooo OOoooYoqoYo o +I 6 +I o +I N +I o +I N +I in F e in O0 1-10 API PUBLa4632 95 m O732290 0555985 bT3 m CI cn m cn cn ck 9 ck 9 80?00?00 o; +I N +I W +I o +I o +I 3 +I 1 in 00 53 0.8?8090?08 +I W +I F +I W +I PI +I o +I W W W D W O O O 9 9 00 b io 3 m o m 3 m crr cl m elmm*mmN-m*mW + +I + +I + +I + +I + +I + +I - N io W o in o 4 +I 2 3 9 +I 3 O0 2 O 2 +I “! r- O 3 +I r- Q N 1-1 1
