1、Recommended Practice for Chemical Analysis of BariteAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13KTHIRD EDITION, MAY 2011Recommended Practice for Chemical Analysis of BariteUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13KTHIRD EDITION, MAY 2011Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature
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15、revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiiv Important Information Concerning Use of Asbestos or Alternative Materials Asbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment describ
16、ed in some API standards. It has been of extreme usefulness in minimizing fire hazards associated with petroleum processing. It has also been a universal sealing material, compatible with most refining fluid services. Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them th
17、e serious and often fatal diseases of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposure to asbestos varies with the product and the work practices involved. Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administrat
18、ion (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Standard for Asbestos, 40 Code of Federal Regulations S
19、ection 61.140 through 61.156; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule on labelling requirements and phased banning of asbestos products (Sections 763.160-170). There are currently in use and under development a number of substitute materials to replace asbestos in certain application
20、s. Manufacturers and users are encouraged to develop and use effective substitute materials that can meet the specifications, for and operating requirement of, the equipment to which they would apply. SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR PRODUCTS OR MATERIALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM
21、 THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. v Contents Page Important Information Concerning Use of Asbestos or Alternative Materials iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative References . 1 3 Terms and Definitions . 2 4 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symb
22、ols 3 5 Wet Analysis Methods 5 5.1 Principle 5 5.2 Advantages of Wet Chemical Analysis Methods . 5 5.3 Summary of General Analytical Methods . 6 6 Barium Sulfate and Strontium Sulfate . 6 6.1 Principle 6 6.2 Reagents and Materials 6 6.3 Apparatus . 7 6.4 Sampling . 8 6.5 ProcedureBarium Sulfate Dete
23、rmination 8 6.6 ProcedureStrontium Sulfate Determination 9 6.7 Calculation . 9 7 Silica and Alumina . 11 7.1 Principle 11 7.2 Reagents and Materials 11 7.3 Apparatus . 12 7.4 ProcedureSample Preparation . 13 7.5 ProcedureSilica Determination. 13 7.6 ProcedureAlumina Determination 14 7.7 Calculation
24、. 14 8 Hydrochloric Acid Soluble MetalsSodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Lead and Zinc . 15 8.1 Principle 15 8.2 Reagents and Materials 15 8.3 Apparatus . 15 8.4 Procedure . 15 8.5 Calculation . 16 9 ProcedureHydrofluoric, Sulphuric, Nitric, Perchloric Acid Soluble Meta
25、lsSodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc 16 9.1 Principle 16 9.2 Reagents and Materials 16 9.3 Apparatus . 17 9.4 Procedure . 17 9.5 Calculation . 18 10 Alternative Methods for Iron . 18 10.1 Principle 18 10.2 Reagents and Materials 19 10.3 Apparatus . 19 10.4
26、 ProcedureNitric Acid Digestion 20 10.5 CalculationNitric Acid Digestion 20 10.6 ProcedureAqua Regia Digestion 20 vi 10.7 CalculationAqua Regia Digestion 21 10.8 ProcedureCarbonate Fusion 21 10.9 CalculationCarbonate Fusion 21 11 Water-soluble Materials in Barite 22 11.1 Principle . 22 11.2 Apparatu
27、s 22 11.3 Procedure 22 11.4 Calculation . 23 12 Water-soluble Chlorides 23 12.1 Principle . 23 12.2 Reagents and Materials 23 12.3 Apparatus 24 12.4 ProcedureWater-soluble Chlorides by Titration 24 12.5 CalculationWater-soluble Chlorides by Titration . 24 12.6 ProcedureWater-soluble Chlorides by Ion
28、 Chromatography . 24 12.7 CalculationWater-soluble Chlorides by Ion Chromatography . 25 13 Water-soluble Sulfates . 25 13.1 Principle . 25 13.2 Reagents and Materials 25 13.3 Apparatus 25 13.4 ProcedurePreparation of Calibration Curve for Turbidity Method . 26 13.5 ProcedureAnalysis for Water-solubl
29、e Sulfates by Turbidity Method 26 13.6 CalculationWater-soluble Sulfates by Turbidity Method 26 13.7 ProcedureAnalysis for Water-soluble Sulfate by Ion Chromatography 27 13.8 CalculationWater-soluble Sulfates by Ion Chromatography 27 14 Water-soluble Carbonates, Bicarbonates, and Hydroxyl Ions . 27
30、14.1 Principle . 27 14.2 Reagents and Materials 27 14.3 Apparatus 27 14.4 Procedure 27 14.5 Calculation . 28 15 Water-soluble Phosphates . 29 15.1 Principle . 29 15.2 Reagents and Materials 29 15.3 Apparatus 29 15.4 ProcedurePreparation of Calibration Curve . 30 15.5 ProcedureAnalysis of Samples . 3
31、0 15.6 Calculation . 30 16 Loss on Ignition 31 16.1 Principle . 31 16.2 Reagents and Materials, and Apparatus 31 16.3 Procedure 31 16.4 Calculation . 31 17 Siderite Content 32 17.1 Principle . 32 17.2 Reagents and Materials 32 17.3 Apparatus 32 17.4 ProcedureExtraction . 33 17.5 ProcedureIron Conten
32、t by Atomic Absorption or Inductively Coupled Plasma 33 17.6 CalculationExtraction . 33 17.7 ProcedureIron Content by Colorimetric Determination 33 17.8 CalculationIron Content by Colorimetric Determination . 34 vii 18 Zinc Carbonate and Lead Carbonate . 34 18.1 Principle 34 18.2 Reagents and Materi
33、als, and Apparatus . 34 18.3 ProcedureExtraction 35 18.4 ProcedureLead and Zinc Determination by Atomic Absorption or Inductively Coupled Plasma 35 18.5 Calculation . 35 19 Total Carbonate . 35 19.1 Principle 35 19.2 Reagents and Materials 36 19.3 Apparatus . 36 19.4 Procedure . 37 19.5 Calculation
34、. 38 20 Acid-soluble Sulfides 38 20.1 Principle 38 20.2 Reagents and Materials 39 20.3 Apparatus . 39 20.4 Procedure . 40 20.5 Calculation . 41 21 Calcium Hydroxide (Lime) or Cement . 41 21.1 Principle 41 21.2 Reagents and Materials 41 21.3 Apparatus . 42 21.4 Procedure . 42 21.5 Calculation . 42 22
35、 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis 43 22.1 Principle 43 22.2 Reagents and Materials 44 22.3 Apparatus . 44 22.4 ProcedureSample Preparation . 45 22.5 ProcedureSpectral Analysis . 47 22.6 Calculation . 47 23 Heavy Metals in Barite 47 Annex A (informative) Rational Analysis 48 Annex B (informative) Metric “
36、SI” Unit Conversion Table 50 Figures 1 Correction Curve for SrSO4 in BaSO4 . 11 Tables 1 Minerals Associated With Barite Ore Bodies 2 2 Drger Tube Identification, Sample Volume, and Tube Factor to be Used for Various Sulfide Ranges 40 1 Recommended Practice for Chemical Analysis of Barite 1 Scope 1.
37、1 Barite is used to increase the density of oil well drilling fluids. It is a mined product that can contain significant quantities of minerals other than barium sulfate, which is its main component. 1.2 A list of some minerals commonly associated with barite ores is given in Table 1 with the chemic
38、al formulas, mineralogical names, and the densities of the mineral grains. 1.3 The performance of barite in a drilling fluid is related in part to the percentage and type of non-barite minerals distributed in the barite ore. Some of these minerals have little or no effect on drilling fluid propertie
39、s, but others can degrade these properties and even be harmful to rig personnel. 1.4 It is the objective of this publication to provide a comprehensive, detailed description of the chemical analytical procedures for quantitatively determining the mineral and chemical constituents of barite. These pr
40、ocedures are quite elaborate and will normally be carried out in a well-equipped laboratory. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, on the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest editio
41、n of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-based Drilling Fluids API Recommended Practice 13I-2009, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Sta
42、ndards (MPMS), Chapter 15, Guidelines for Use of the International System of Units (SI) in the Petroleum and Allied Industries ISO 10416:2008 1, Petroleum and natural gas industriesDrilling fluidsLaboratory testing U.S. 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 2, Section 1910.1001 U.S. 40 Code of Federa
43、l Regulations (CFR), Section 61.140 through Section 61.156 U.S. 51 Federal Register (FR), 3738-3759 (January 29, 1986) 1International Organization for Standardization, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, www.iso.org. 2The Code of Federal Regulations and Federa
44、l Register are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. 2 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BARITE Table 1Minerals Associated With Barite Ore Bodies Mineral Chemical Formula Mineralogical Name Specific Gravity Hardness(Mohs) Barium sulfate BaSO4Barite, ba
45、rites, barytes 4.50 2.53.5 Strontium sulfate SrSO4Celestite 3.97 3.5 Barium carbonate BaCO3Witherite 4.30 3.5 Barium silicate BaSi2O3Sanbornite Calcium carbonate CaCO3Calcite 2.72 3 Calcium, magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2Dolomite 2.87 3.544 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3Magnesite 3.0 4 Calcium sulfate Ca
46、SO42H2O Gypsum 2.3 2 Calcium fluoride CaF2Fluorite 3.0 4 Iron oxide Fe2O3Hematite 5.2 5.5 Iron oxide Fe2O3nH2O Goethite 3.34.0 5.5 Iron oxide Fe3O4Magnetite 5.165.17 5.56.5 Iron carbonate FeCO3Siderite 3.73.9 3.54.0Iron sulfide FeS2Pyrite 5.0 66.5Iron sulfide Fe1xS yrrhotite 4.6 4 Iron/copper sulfid
47、e CuFeS2Chalcopyrite 4.2 Lead sulfide PbS Galena 7.5 2.5 Zinc sulfide ZnS Sphalerite 3.9 3.54.0 Ferrous titinate FeTiO3Ilmenite 4.7 5.5 Silicon dioxide SiO2Quartz, sand, chert 2.65 7.0 Aluminosilicates: Feldspar (Na,K)AlSi3O8Albite, microcline 2.6 6.0 Mica KAl2(OH)2AlSi3O10Muscovite 2.85 2.5 Clays A
48、l2Si2O5(OH)4 Kaolinite 2.6 2.0 (Al,Mg)(OH)2Si4O10 (Na,Ca)x 4H2O Montmorillonite 23 12 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 3.1 ACS reagent grade Grade of chemical meeting the purity standards specified by the American Chemical Society, with impu
49、rities measured in parts per million. 3.2 spectral grade Grade of chemical exceeding the purity standards specified by the American Chemical Society, with impurities measured in parts per billion. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13K 3 4 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols For the purposes of this document, the following acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols apply. AA atomic absorption (spectrophotometer) ACS American Chemical Society GGT Garrett Gas Train IC ion chromatography ICP inductively coupled plasma (spectrometry), can be
